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2nd Year - Pathology > 1.2 Inflammation and Repair > Flashcards

1.2 Inflammation and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Sources fo histamine

A

Mast cells, basophils, platelets

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2
Q

Effects of histamine

A

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability

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3
Q

Sources of Serotonin

A

Platelets

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4
Q

Effects of serotonin

A

vasoconstriction

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5
Q

Mediator of vasodilation, pain, fever

A

Prostaglandins

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6
Q

Name the outcomes of inflammation

A

Complete Resolution
Healing by connective tissue replacement
Progression to chronic inflammation

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7
Q

Describe granulomatous inflammation

A

infiltration by epitheloid macrophages, Langhan’s giant cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and caseous necrosis in the center

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8
Q

Describe Langhans giant cells

A

activated macrophages that fuse together with their nuclei lined in horseshoe or C-shaped configuration

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9
Q

What initiates granuloma formation?

A

An attempt to contain and wall-off potent agents that are very difficult to eradicate

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10
Q

State the types of granuloma formed in tuberculosis

A

Caseating granuloma

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11
Q

State the types of granuloma formed in leprosy

A

Non-caseating granuloma

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12
Q

State the types of granuloma formed in cat-scratch disease

A

Rounded or satellite granuloma

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13
Q

State the types of granuloma formed in Sarcoidosis

A

Non-caseating granuloma with abundant activated macrophages

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14
Q

Helicobacter pylori secrete ___ which makes the environment alkaline to compensate for the decreased acidity in the stomach

A

Urease

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15
Q

Enumerate the different types of cells based on their regenerative capacity

A

Labile tissues - continuously dividing throughout life to replace damaged tissues

Stable tissues - can divide when needed or stimulated

Permanent tissues - cells that have left the cell cycle and can’t undergo mitotic division

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16
Q

Differentiate exudate and transudate based on what caused their production

A

Exudate - due to increased vascular permeability (hence, leakage of proteins)

Transudate -due to increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased osmotic pressure (only fluid with low protein content leaks out)

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17
Q

How is brain edema manifested? (signs and symptoms)

A

Headache
Nausea
Vomiting

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18
Q

___ is a protein produced during events of hypoxia which induces an inflammatory response

A

HIF-1a (hypoxia-induced factor 1a) - activates the transcription of many genes involved in inflammation

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19
Q

State the action of VEGF

A

(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) which functions to promote leakage by increasing the number and size of channels

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20
Q

Describe mechanism of edema during inflammation

A

Increased vascular permeability causes exudation of fluid which contains large proteins

Because of the decreased protein content of blood inside the blood vessels, there is decreased osmotic pressure

decreased intravascular osmotic pressure decreases the pulling capacity of the blood, so more fluid leaks out to the extravascular space, hence, causing edema

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21
Q

Describe mechanism of blood stasis during inflammation

A

Increased vascular permeability causes exudation of fluid and proteins

decreased fluid in the vessels causes increased concentration of RBCs (hemoconcentration)

hemoconcentration causes increased blood viscosity, slowing down the flow of blood–> stasis

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22
Q

What are the two main events during inflammation

A

Extravasation and phagocytosis

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23
Q

__ and __ facilitate the rolling of leukocytes along the epithelium through low affinity interactions

A

Selectin P and Selectin E

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24
Q

__ mediates firm adhesion of leukocytes during inflammation

A

Integrins

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25
Q

__ and __ facilitate insinuation/transmigration of neutrophils through the inter endothelial cells

A

PECAM-1

CD-31

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26
Q

3 major opsonins

A

Fc fragment of IgG antibodies
C3b from complement
Plasma lectins - MBL (mannan-binding lectin)

27
Q

Microbial products that are produced after oxygen-dependent microbial killing using superoxide (O2-)

A

Hypochlorite and hydroxyl radical

28
Q

Microbial products that are produced after oxygen-dependent microbial killing using Nitric Oxide

A

peroxynitrite

29
Q

inflammatory cell predominant during acute phase (6-24 hours)

A

Neutrophils

30
Q

Inflammatory cell predominant in viral infections

A

Lymphocytes

31
Q

Inflammatory cell predominant in hypersensitivity or parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

32
Q

___ replaces neutrophils after 1-2 days

A

Monocytes or macrophages

33
Q

Lymphocytes are present during ___ and __

A

Viral infections
Chronic inflammation
Antibody-mediated and Cell-mediated immunologic and non-immunologic reactions

34
Q

A major role of IFN-y is ___

A

Powerful macrophage activator

35
Q

___ give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies

A

B cells

36
Q

Eosinophils contain granules of ___ which are toxic to parasites and causes lysis of epithelial cells in hypersensitivity reactions, leading to tissue damage

A

Major Basic Protein (MBP)

37
Q

Action of PGE2

A

Hyperalgesic

Makes the skin hypersensitive to painful stimuli

38
Q

Action of PGD2

A

Chemoatractant for neutrophils

39
Q

Action of PGF2a

A

Stimulates contraction of uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and small arterioles

40
Q

Action of PGI2 (prostacyclin)

A

Vasodilator, potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation

41
Q

Action of TXA2 (thromboxane)

A

Potent platelet-aggregating agent and vasoconstictor (opposite to PGI2 or prostacyclins)

One of the major cause of hypertension

42
Q

Action of Luekotrienes

A

More potent than histamine in increasing vascular permeability and causes bronchospasm

43
Q

Action of Lipoxins

A

Inhibit leukocyte recruitment and cellular components of inflammation

Vasodilation, inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis, stimulate monocyte adhesion

INHIBITOR OF INFLAMMATION

44
Q

Action of IL-1 and TNF

A

Induce systemic acute-phase responses associated with infection or injury (fever, leukocytisus, increased acute-phase proteins)

45
Q

Components of complement system responsible for: inflammation

A

C3a
C5a
C4a

46
Q

Components of complement system responsible for: phagocytosis

A

C3b

47
Q

Components of complement system responsible for: cell lysis

A

MAC

48
Q

Normal WBC count

A

5000-10000

49
Q

Enumerate and describe the different phases of the cell cycle

A

G0 - physiologic state
G1 - pre synthetic stage, checkpoint before replication occurs
S - DNA synthesis stage
G2 - Premitotic stage , checkpoint before mitosis
M - Mitotic stage

50
Q

What are the 2 checkpoints during the cell cycle

A

G1/S checkpoint - monitors integrity of DNA before replication
G2/M checkpoint - checks DNA after replication before entering mitosis

51
Q

Growth factors:

___ is growth factor for keratinocytes and fibroblasts proliferation

A

EGF or epidermal growth factor (contains intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity)

52
Q

Growth factors:
___ stimulates replication of hepatocytes and most epithelial cells in embryos and adults, and malignant transformation of normal cells to cancer

A

TGF-a (transforming growth factor a)

53
Q

Growth factor:

___ is involved in wound repair, angiogenesis

A

FGF-2 (fibroblast growth factor-2)

54
Q

Growth factor:
___ is a growth inhibitor for most epithelial cells, enhances production of collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans; FIBROGENIC agent

A

TGF-B (transforming growth factor B)

55
Q

Mechanism of liver regeneration

A

via compensatory growth or hyperplasia`

56
Q

What are the two main components of basement membrane

A

Type IV collagen and laminin

57
Q

What is one important substance that will give hyaline chains or hyaline appearance in tissues

A

COLLAGEN

58
Q

What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the BM

A

Laminin

59
Q

What is the family of glycosaminoglycans repressible for providing viscous hydration? it acts like a shock absorber that reduces forces exerted on joints, preventing compression fracturs

A

Hyaluronan

60
Q

__ are inflammatory extravascular fluids with high protein content, high specific gravity, and cellular debris

A

Exudates

61
Q

__ is the major macrophage activating cytokine; produced by NK cells and antigen-activated lymphocytes

A

Interferon-y (gamma)

62
Q

__ (type of growth factor) causes the migration and proliferation if fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and monocytes to areas of inflammation and healing skin wounds

A

Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)

63
Q

Enumerate the steps to scar formation

A 
Inflammation
Angiogenesis
Granulation tissue formation
Scar formation
Connective tissue remodelling
64
Q

__ is the most important cytokine for synthesis and deposition of CT proteins; potent fibrogenic agent

A

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B)

2nd Year - Pathology (9 decks)

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