1.1a Cell Injury, Adaptation, Accumulation, Death

Question 1

Process of adaptation where there occurs an increase in number of cells

Answer 1

Hyperplasia

Question 2

Process of adaptation where there occurs an increase in the size of cells

Answer 2

Hypertrophy

Question 3

Process of adaptation where there occurs a decrease in the number of cells

Answer 3

Atrophy

Question 4

Process of adaptation where there occurs a change from one cell type to another

Answer 4

Metaplasia

Question 5

Enumerate common causes of cell injury (8)

Answer 5

Hypoxia
Free radicals and activated o2 species
Physical agents (trauma, temp, pressure, radiation, electric shock)
Chemical agents and drugs
Infectious agents
Immunologic reactions
Genetic derangements
Nutritional imbalances

Question 6

Most important biochemical mechanism of cell injury that causes increase in mitochondrial permeability

Answer 6

Entry of Ca2+

Question 7

What is hypoxia

Answer 7

Decrease in oxygen supply

Question 8

Differentiate ischemia from hypoxia

Answer 8

Ischemia: decreased blood supply
Hypoxia: decreased oxygen which may be due to ischemia

Question 9

Enumerate four possible processes of adaptation

Answer 9

Hyperplasia
Hypetrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia

Question 10

How does decrease in blood supply affect the mitochondria

Answer 10

Decreases oxidative phosphorylation leading to decreased atp production

Question 11

How does decrease in atp production affect sodium pumps?

Answer 11

Sodium accumates within the cell, then water rushes in making the cell swell. Potassium is effluxed

Question 12

Nuclear change during necrosis where there is nuclear condensation resulting from chromatin clumping. Also has shrinkage of nucleus

Answer 12

Karyopyknosis / pyknosis

Question 13

Nuclear change during necrosis where there is nuclear fragmentation

Answer 13

Karyorrhexis

Question 14

Nuclear change during necrosis where there is chromatin dissolution

Answer 14

Karyolysis

Question 15

Enumerate cytoplasmic changes during necrosis

Answer 15

Increased eosinophilic appearance
Vacuolated (moth-eaten) appearance (due to fluid accumulation and bleb formation
Calcification

Question 16

What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis in terms of presence/absence of adjacent cell inflammation

Answer 16

Necrosis: frequently present adjacent inflammation

Apoptosis: absence of adjacent cell inflammation

Question 17

Enumerate and describe two pathways of apoptosis

Answer 17

Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway
- result of inc. mitochondrial permeability and release of pro-apoptotic molecules

Extrinsic pathway
- engagement of death receptors on the plasma membrane lead to caspase activation

Question 18

Enumerate types of necrosis

Answer 18

Coagulation necrosis-due to protein denaturation

Liquefaction necrosis- due to hydrolytic enzymes; pus formation

Fat necrosis- lipases act on adipose tissue

Caseous necrosis- coagulation + liquefaction necrosis

Gangrenous necrosis - coag + liquefaction of bacteria and wbcs

Fibrinoid necrosis - infiltration of CT and arterial walls by eosinophilic hyaline material

Question 19

Deficiency in ___ results in accumuluation of homogentisic acid which results in a condition called alkaptonuria

Answer 19

Homogentisatedioxygenase

Question 20

__ is a pigment derived from hemoglobin and contains iron that appears yellow to brown and is positive for Prussian blue

Answer 20

Hemosiderin

Question 21

__ cells are hemosiderin laden macrophages found in the lungs in pathentd with heart failure and chronic pulmonary edema

Answer 21

Heart failure cells

Question 22

__ is a pigment derived from hemoglobin but does not contain iron; accumulation leads to jaundice and kernicterus

Answer 22

Bilirubin

Question 23

List the six common causes of atrophy

Answer 23

Decreased workload
Loss of innervation
Decreased blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of endocrine stimulation 
Pressure atrophy

Question 24

The most common cause of muscle hypertrophy is __

Answer 24

Increased workload

Question 25

What two kinds of cell adaptation occur in enlargement of uterus during pregnancy

Answer 25

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Question 26

Give the three main mechanisms of cellular aging

Answer 26

DNA damage
Replicative senescence
Defective protein homeostasis