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Paramedic > 119 Mod 5 Endocrine, EENT, Peds, Immuno > Flashcards

119 Mod 5 Endocrine, EENT, Peds, Immuno Flashcards

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1
Q

What is utcaria

A

Hives, allergic reaction

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2
Q

Define Thyrotoxicosis

what falls under this category?

A

is a state of EXCESSIVE THYROID hormone production or release. Signs include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, tremors, sweating

(NOTE: grave’s disease falls under this)

it is any condition with excessive thyroid hormone

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3
Q

When are leukotrienes release?

A

They are released AFTER histamine worsens anaphylaxis increases Bronchoconstriction

They are molecules produced by immune cells, play a key role in inflammatory response of the body, because constriction of the airways increase mucus production, inflammation and recruitment of immune cells due to an allergen or irritant

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4
Q

Define:
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Polyuria

can occur with?

A

Excessive hunger
Excessive Thirst
Excessive peeing

poorly managed diabeties

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5
Q

Other than hearing what key role does the ear play

A

Maintain balance

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6
Q

Why what is Myxedema coma

And what are the signs

A

is a life-threatening complication of SEVERE HYPOTHYROIDISM, leading to altered mental status, hypothermia, and multiorgan dysfunction.

Patient is optunded (AMS), cold to the touch, bradycardic

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7
Q

True or false there’s an oral medication for type 1 diabetes

A

False there’s no oral insulin

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8
Q

IDDM stands for

A

“Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,” which is an older term for Type 1 Diabetes.

Type 1 Diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults

In Type 1 Diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin, while in Type 2 Diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough insulin.

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9
Q

What are the key differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1 is usually diagnosed in children

Type 2 is usually diagnosed in adults over the age of 40

Type 1 the the pancreas produces little to no insulin

Type 2 the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough

signs:

Type 1 - excessive thirst, frequent urination unexplained weight loss and fatigue

Type 2 - blurred vision numbness tingling in the hands and feet, similar signs

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10
Q

When bacteria die inside of a body they release a protein that is called an

A

Endotoxin

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11
Q

Which is subnormal T3 and T4 production a sign of

A

Hypothyroid

Low thyroid = low, slow, cold

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12
Q

Define Anaphylactoid Reaction

A

allergic reaction after 1st time exposure to substance. (Not IgE mediated.) Same clinical picture as anaphylaxis so they are treated the same

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13
Q

The ________ is a large part of the endocrine system, but it is not an actual gland

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

What is the dose of Atrovent?

what class?

A

500mcg

anticholinergic bronhchodilator

half if 1-2 years old

do not give less than 1

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15
Q

Gland but important essential, bodily functions, such as temperature, hunger thirst and hormone secretion

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

What does the Alpha receptors in the pancreas secrete

and what does it do?

A

Glucagon

it is released when BGL is LOW to
stimulate the live to turn glucogen to sugar

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17
Q

What is the difference between HHNK and DKA?

A

DKA -shortage of insulin, fats breakdown body starts ketone production, metabolic acidosis, (blood too acidic) fruity smelling, nausea, ab pain

HHNK involves severe dehydration without ketone production. Theres enough insulin but not enough to lower bgl
extreme thirst, dry mouth, dry skin

DKA is considered more serious due to metabolic acidosis

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18
Q

The BREAKING DOWN of glycogen to the usable form of glucose is termed ________ (INTO A SINGLE)

A

Glycogenolysis

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19
Q

What is the difference between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes insipidus is caused by not enough ADH hormone, (pituitary disorder)

while diabetes mellitus is caused by insulin deficiency or resistance.

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20
Q

Buffalo hump, Moon face and acne as signs of?

and what is the cause

A

Cushing syndrome

excess cortisol hormone

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21
Q

What happens if no ADH is produced

A

Increased urine production occurs

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22
Q

What are the signs of Cushing syndrome (big 2 signs)

What is Cushing syndrome

What is the treatment of Cushing syndrome

A

Signs are moon face, buffalo hump, diagnosed with fibromyalgia, unusual hair growth

its is a disorder caused by EXCESS CORTISOL secretion, often due to pituitary or adrenal gland tumors. Too much corticosteroids

supportive care

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23
Q

In times of stress how does the hypothalamus respond

What does the response cause

A

secretes ACTH

then the adrenal cortex releases CORTISOL

Cortisol stimulates fight or flight

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.

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24
Q

Immunity you are born with is called

A

Innate/natural immunity

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25
Q

Hypertension and Bradycardia in a unconscious patient indicates?

A

ICP

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26
Q

Increases (Stimulates) production and secretion of thyroid hormones

A

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Produced by the pituitary gland

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27
Q

What is it called when our body creates “autoantibodies” and attacks its own tissues?

A

autoimmunity

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28
Q

Your patient had a sinkable episode and now has SOB, face swelling, and abdominal pain

You suspect ______ and why

A

Anaphylaxis

Because it’s two or more body systems

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29
Q

The thymus gland is located in the ________

A

Chest

Mediastinum

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30
Q

What is an endocrine gland

Give three examples

A

Secretes chemicals that are used INSIDE the body

Adrenal
Pituitary
Thyroid

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31
Q

T3 T4 and calcitonin (hormones) are produced by the _______ gland

A

Thyroid

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32
Q

What might cold and clammy skin indicate

A

hypothyroidism (also cold/dry)
hypoglycemia
(shock or hypothermia)

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33
Q

For women progesterone production and ovulation

For men it regulates testosterone production and spermogenesis

A

LH

LH (luteinizing hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

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34
Q

The female gonads are found in the ________

The two most important hormones produced by the female gonads are ________ and ________

A

Ovaries

Estrogen and progesterone

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35
Q

What are the 4 adrenal gland disorders

(2 have same name…)

A

 Cushings Syndrome – too much corticosteroids (cortisol and aldosterone)

 Addison’s Disease – too little corticosteroids

 Addisonian Crisis – extreme exacerbation of low corticosteroids

 PheoChromocytoma – tumor creating excess release of Catecholamines

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36
Q

Where is melatonin produced

A

Pineal gland

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37
Q

What are the properties of Epinephrine

(what is it doing)

A

Alpha 1 agonist
B1 and B2 agonist

halts degranulation of mast cells

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38
Q

What is ADdisonian Crisis

what can cause it?

A

Acute ADrenal (low) insufficiency

from stress, surgery, trauma, or infection

hyponatremia (low sodium) leading to hypotension

can be from corticosteroid steroid withdrawal

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39
Q

With the adrenal gland:

what is disorder for:

LOW cortisol

A

Addison’s Disease

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40
Q

In the body’s attempt to maintain_________ it utilizes________ and_______ feedback mechanisms

A

Homeostasis

Positive

Negative

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41
Q

Would you give a patient in bradycardia
When pacing an atropine don’t work

And dose (2)

A

Dopamine 2 -10 mcg/kg/min

Epi 2-10 mcg/min

(or both)

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42
Q

The endocrine system is a network of________- that produce and secrete______
Which are chemical Messengers

A

Glands

Hormones

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43
Q

What is the treatment for an impaled eye?

A

cover with gauze, cover both eyes

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44
Q

What is an exocrine gland

Name three examples

A

It secretes chemicals for elimination FROM the body

sweat glands
salivary glands
the liver

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45
Q

Define Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

it is an adrenal gland disorder
causing low cortisol and high androgens

signs are early onset of puberty, In females, signs of CAH include ambiguous genitalia, irrg periods

(signs are more noticeable in women)

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46
Q

Where is calcitonin produced

A

Thyroid gland

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47
Q

The ________ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

Pancreas

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48
Q

After an organ transplant your patient is red and warm with edema

What might be happening

A

Transplant rejection

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49
Q

What two things happen during histamine release

A

Increase vascular permeability
Bronchoconstriction

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50
Q

What is hypothyroidism

What are the signs

And what is the medication treatment

A

It’s when the thyroid gland produces not enough thyroid hormone,
causing decreased metabolism.

Cold skin, and weak

Synthroid or levoxyl

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51
Q

Thymosin (hormone) is produced by the ________ gland

A

Thymus

Thymosin is a hormone produced by the thymus gland that plays a role in the development and maturation of T-cells.

T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity and in coordinating the immune response.

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52
Q

Stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin

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53
Q

Pale cool moist skin maybe be a sign of? (2)

A

Shock
Hypoglycemia

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54
Q

Endocrine emergencies are generally caused by (3)

A

Lack of hormone production

Excessive hormone production

Failure of feedback mechanism

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55
Q

what is the dose of an EPI drip

how do you set up?

How many drops a min?

A

1mg in 100mL at 60gtts/min

after 5 mins 120gtts/min

1mg in to a 100mL bag

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56
Q

10 y/o F ate a peanut, doesnt have her prescribed epi-pen. Has SOB dysphaGia, Wheezing

what is the treatment?

A

Epi - 1:1,000 - 0.5mg x3
Neb treatment

dysphagia - difficult swallowing

dysphaSIA- speaking

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57
Q

Hot and Dry skin maybe a sign of? (3)

A

Fever
Hyperglycemia
or Stoke

(give fluids)

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58
Q

Glucagon is produced in the ________

A

Pancreas

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59
Q

Converts glycogen into the usable form of glucose

A

Glucagon

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage,

glucagon raises glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

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60
Q

What does the D receptors in the pancreas secrete

A

Somastatin

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61
Q

Which Receptor sites does epinephrine affect

A

Alpha receptor sites

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62
Q

Controls plasma osmolarity and increases water reabsorption

A

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

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63
Q

What is the
adult dose of epi
And pediatric dose

A

Adult
0.3 -0.5 mg 1 : 1,000 IM

Pediatric
0.01 mg/kg 1 : 1,000 IM

2-10mcg/min infusion

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64
Q

What is DKA

What are the signs of dka

What is the treatment for dka

What bgl amount?

A

Extreme hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.
Type 1 diabetics are at risk

signs: polyuria, polydipsia, abdominal pain, fruity breath, Kussmaul breathing, AMS, and dehydration.

Fluids, patient needs insulin from the hospital needs insulin to utilize the glucose (hyperglycemia)
Peds - fluids when in SHOCK

Often above 300 bgl (mg/dl)

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65
Q

Which endocrine gland is also known as the master gland

Why

A

The pituitary gland

It’s secretions control the secretions of all the other endocrine glands

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66
Q

What are the two HYPERthyroidism dangers (2)

what are the signs of them

A

Graves disease - bulging eyes = exophthalmos ( most common)

Thyroid storm - heart rate up respirations up temperature up, CHF (may follow thyroid surgery)

Hyper = High hot fast

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67
Q

Liver stores glucose in the form of ________

What is the process called

A

Glycogen

Glycogenesis

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68
Q

What is the IM dose of glucagon (max?)

when do you give

and what type of overdose?

A

1mg IM (or IV) max of 3mg

hypoglycemic or beta blocker overdose

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69
Q

Everyday autism care

A

Develop and language skills

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70
Q

89 y/o Black F taking lisinopril (ace inhib) and for 4 days swollen face but can swallow.

what is the treatment?

A

Angioedema

Steroids needed

but can do allergic reaction protocol

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71
Q

What type of cell produces insulin

and what are the primary effects of insulin on the body

A

Beta Cells

Islet of langerhands
in the Pancreas

Insulin regulates glucose metabolism after a meal. It goes in the blood stream and allows the body to take glucose to the muscles fat and liver cells. And helps with storage of glucose as glycogen.

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72
Q

When do most infants suffer SIDS?

A

most are during the first 6 mos

most have both lividity (obvious sign, purple) and rigor mortis

allow parents to touch

use baby’s name

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73
Q

Define Angioedema

A

rapid swelling of the skin’s deeper layers, usually in the face, lips, tongue, or throat. Potentially life threatening

Prehospital anaphylaxis

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74
Q

Stimulates development of T cells

A

Thymosin

is a hormone produced by the thymus gland that plays a role in the development and maturation of T-cells.

T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity and in coordinating the immune response.

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75
Q

After an organ transplant the patient has red warm edema
what is happening

A

Transplant rejection

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76
Q

Urticaria vs Pruritis

A

Urticaria - hives

PrurITIS - iching

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77
Q

What is the IV/IM dose of Diphenhydramine

when do you give

what is the PED dose?

A

Adult: 25-50mg SLOW IV/IM

Ped: 1mg/kg SLOW IV/IM

anaphylaxis, allergic reaction

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78
Q

In the setting of pediatric pulses arrests, what anti arrhythmic medication (including dose) can be given to a patient in v-fib (2)

A

Amiodarone
Pediatric dose 5 mg/kg

Or

Lidocaine 1 mg/kg

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79
Q

Define Angioedema

A

swelling of deep tissues of face due to accumulation of fluids. (Hives/Urticaria involve the epidermis while angioedema affects deep dermal, sub-Q and sub-mucosal layers. Predominantly around the mouth, lips, tongue, eyes (may also be present in hands, feet, and throat).

ACE inhibitors are the leading cause of drug induced angioedema!

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80
Q

The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate forms is termed ________

A

Gluconeogenesis

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81
Q

You find uticaria and your patient’s abdomen, you should administer
(and dose, adult and ped)

A

Diphenhydramine 25-50 mg

ped 1-2mg/kg (max 50mg)

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82
Q

Check for ABC and DE

what does D and E stand for?

A

D - disability

E - exposure

airway breathing circulation

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83
Q

For women estrogen production and follicle maturation

For men spermogenesis

A

FSH

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males.

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84
Q

Sleep wake pattern and mating behavior

A

Melatonin

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85
Q

Which cranial nerve is

oculomotor

and

optic

A

oculomotor - 3rd

optic - 2nd

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86
Q

55 y/o stung by bee bp 80/60 unconscious diminished lung fields bilaterally

what is the treatment?

A

Epi - 1: 1,000 - 0.5mg x3 lat thigh IM - ETT with NEB treatment

give benadryl 25-50mg (stop histamine release)

Dexamethasone 10mg (helps with swelling)

unstable so give EPI DRIP, fluids - keeps bp up.

87
Q

Anaphylactic shock falls under which type of shock?

A

Distributive

88
Q

Name Two primary chemical mediators

(Think allergic reaction)

A

Histamines and leukotrienes

89
Q

When a DKA patient is using kussmaul’s respirations what is their ETCO2

A

ETCO2 goes down

kussmauls - deep, rapid respirations. (metabolic acidosis)

90
Q

GCS

A

13

91
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are stored by the _______ gland

A

Posterior pituitary

92
Q

What is excess T3 and T4 production a sign of

A

Hyperthyroid

93
Q

What might hot and moist skin indicate

A

hyperthyroidism
hyperpituitarism

94
Q

True or false
With autoimmune disorders the bodies immune system attacks its own tissues

A

True

95
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce

A

Epi

96
Q

The brain uses for fuel (2)

A

Glucose and oxygen

97
Q

Oxytocin is produced ________

Specifically the ________ part

A

Pituitary gland

Posterior

98
Q

Atrovent
What is the adult and pediatric dose

A

500 mcg (both adult and ped)

Ipratropium
parasympatholitic bronchodilator
Anaphylaxis, asthma, emphysema

ped - dont give less than 1

1-2 y/o : 250mcg

2y/o: adult dose

99
Q

The ________ gland releases melatonin, which influences your sleep awake cycle

A

Pineal

100
Q

Define Antigen

A

substance that reacts with pre-formed components of the immune system. Any substance capable of inducing an immune response (to produce antibodies)

101
Q

What are 3 examples of Negative feedback

A

 BGL control
 Body Temperature
 Calcium regulation

102
Q

Define Allergen

A

a SUBSTANCE that causes an immune system response, resulting in allergic reactions.

Allergen = Allergic reaction trigger.”

103
Q

PTH (hormone) is produced by the _______ gland

A

Parathyroid

PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body.

104
Q

The adrenal glands are also known as the ________ and are located on top of the kidneys

A

Suprarenal

adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney, in the retroperitoneum of the abdominal cavity.

105
Q

What is Mottled skin a sign of?

A

Pancreatitis

skin that is patchy, blotchy

106
Q

What does the Beta receptors in the pancreas secrete

and what does it do?

A

Insulin

it is released when glucose levels are HIGH and helps the liver process/take in more for energy/stores

107
Q

The ________ gland is referred to as the master gland

It has two lobes

A

Pituitary

Anterior and posterior

108
Q

Tropic means ________

A

To turn or Affinity to

109
Q

Define pruritis

A

itching

110
Q

What are the 3 gluco-glyco’s

A

o GlucoNEOgenesis – creating NEW glucose from non-carb sources (this happens in DKA)

o GlycogenoLYsis – BREAKING DOWN glycogen INTO single glucose molecules (glucagon does this)

o GlycoGENesis – creating glycogen strands from SINGLE glucose molecules (insulin does this)

111
Q

Patient has uticardia and wheezing what is the treatment

A

Two rounds of Epi plus an Epi infusion

112
Q

What class of drugs are

Solumedrol and Methylprednisone?

A

Corticosteroids

113
Q

Where are T cells produced

A

Thymus gland-

114
Q

-uterine contraction DURING CHILDBIRTH and stimulates milk production

A

Oxytocin

115
Q

What is the dose of Dextrose

for adult/peds

A

adult:
D10 in 50mL (5 grams) boluses, one min apart. max 250mL (5 syrynges) 25 grams.

peds:
2-4mL/kg to a max of 25 grams

116
Q

What does EPI do?

A

Stops mast cell degranulation

and starts

vasoconstriction and bronchodilation

117
Q

“KEY” that allows glucose to cross the cell membrane and converts glucose to glycogen

A

Insulin

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage,

glucagon raises glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

118
Q

The hormone produced by the pituitary that
Stimulates adrenal gland to secrete cortisol and adrenal proteins

A

ACTH

(adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.

119
Q

Causes bones to release calcium

(secretes when calcium levels are low)

A

PTH

(parathyroid hormone) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body.

120
Q

Pregnancy and menstruation

A

Progesterone

121
Q

Signs of diarrhea mass
with the front of the neck and eyes protruding

A

Graves’ disease

Hypothyroidism cause bulging eyes, anxiety, weight loss, fatigue, in increase heart rate

122
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes

A

it is a chronic condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce enough insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels.

123
Q

Progesterone is produced in the

A

Ovaries

124
Q

What are 2 examples of positive feedback

A

 Child birth
 Blood clotting

125
Q

What is the difference in treatment between
diabetes insipidus
and diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes insipidus (Pituitary) is treated with ADH hormone replacement (pituitary disorder, not enough ADH hormone)

diabetes mellitus (Pancreas) is treated with insulin or other medications to lower blood sugar levels. (type 1&2)

126
Q

What is normal paCO2

A

35-45mm Hg

127
Q

Catecholamines are produced in the ________ gland

A

Adrenal

They are dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
they regulate the body’s response to stress
Mood and vitals

also cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone

128
Q

Which cranial nerve controls motion of the eyeball and upper eyelids

A

The third cranial nerve, oculomotor

129
Q

Define Pheochromocytoma

A

tumor of the adrenal gland that secretes excess adrenaline and noradrenaline,

causing high blood pressure.

adrenal gland disorder

130
Q

Explain negative and positive feedback

A

Positive - hormone stimulates more of the same hormone

example - LH during ovulation and childbirth

Negative - reduces or stops hormone

example - bgl levels by insulin/glucagon

131
Q

Cortisol and aldosterone (hormones) are produced by the _______ gland

A

Adrenal gland

adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney, in the retroperitoneum of the abdominal cavity.

132
Q

What is BRUE?

A

BRUE stands for
Brief Resolved Unexplained Events,

and it refers to an episode in infants (less than 1) that involves a sudden change in breathing, color, muscle tone, or responsiveness.

old term was “ALTE”

133
Q

Stimulates body cells to increase energy production

A

Cortisol

Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate stress response, blood sugar levels, and immune function in the body.

cortisol stimulates body cells to increase energy by promoting the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, and by increasing the release of glucose into the bloodstream.

134
Q

Stimulates energy production in cells

A

Thyroxine

135
Q

Whats major differences between DKA and HHS

A

DKA - kussmauls, metabolic acidosis, needs fluids and insulin, fruity breath (ketones), type 1 diabetic

HHS - higher BGL, type 2 diabetic,
non-ketotic, dehydrate

136
Q

What might a diabetic type 1 patient use

A

Insulin pump

137
Q

What are the two main chemical mediators
Released by mast cells and basophils
During allergic immune response

A

Histamines

Leukotrienes

both cause - vasodilation increased vascular permeability bronchial constriction

138
Q

The hormone from the Adrenal Glands that regulates the Reabsorption of sodium and water from the urine and excretes excess potassium

A

Aldosterone

a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates sodium and potassium balance in the body.

139
Q

5 y/o male ate a PBJ and now experiencing a stomach ache and vomiting

treatment?

A

Give benadryl 1-2mg/kg IV/IM

(no epi - needs hives and/OR wheezing, then give EPI)

140
Q

What is the adult dose and pediatric dose of dexamethasone

A

Adult 10 to 100 mg IV
Pediatric 0.25 - 1mg/kg IM or IV (Max dose of 16 mg)

141
Q

What is the most common endocrine emergency seen

A

Hypoglycemia

142
Q

Insulin and glucagon are produced by the _______

A

Pancreas (LUQ)

Insulin - Beta cells of the islets of langerhans. glucagon - alpha cells of the islets of langerhans.

143
Q

What happens during histamine release

A

Increase in vascular (vasodilation) permeability and Broncoconstriction. rhinorrhea, lacrimation

from degranulation of mast cells

144
Q

Voice deepening growth of facial hair muscle development and pubic hair

A

Testosterone

145
Q

Growth hormone is produced in the ________

Specifically the ________ part

A

Pituitary gland

Anterior

146
Q

What is CAH

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited condition causing impaired cortisol synthesis and excess androgen production.

Treated with lifetime cortisol and aldosterone replacement therapy

147
Q

What are four medications you can give for an anaphylaxis (in order)

A

Epi - 1mg

Albuterol 2.5 mg (beta 2 bronchodilator)

Benadryl 25 - 50 mg

Corticosteroid - dexamethasone

(O2, fluids)

148
Q

With the adrenal gland:

what is disorder for:

HIGH Cortisol

A

Cushing syndrome

high levels of CCortisol.

“Cushing’s = Cortisol Overload.”

149
Q

When Thyroxin is release for energy by the _________ gland

It is a __________ feedback

A

Thyroid

Negative

150
Q

Define Antibody

A

PROTEIN the body produces in response to allergen

151
Q

What is Addisonian crisis

What are the signs

What is the most common cause

A

its acute adrenal insufficiency caused by INSUFFICIENT (LOW) CORTISOL often triggered by stress or illness.

HYPOtension, tachycardia, dehydration, AMS , and electrolyte imbalances.

Steroid withdrawal is the most common cause

152
Q

How many doses of EPI can you give for an Allergic/Anaphlaxis?

what else can you give after initial dose? (5)

A

Epi 1:1,000
0.5mg IM

every 5 mins
to a max of 3 doses

then give:
Albuterol 2.5mg neb
Atrovent 500 mcg neb
Diphenhydra 50mg SLOW IVP
Fluids 20 mL/kg (if sys less 90)
Dexamethasone 10mg IV

additional doses consult

153
Q

When would you remove contact lenses from a patient?

A

Chemical burn

154
Q

What is thyroid storm

What are the signs

What is the treatment

A

Its a life-threatening complication of HYPERthyroidism characterized by a sudden worsening of symptoms and signs.

Signs - fever, tachycardia, hypertension, agitation, AMS, arrhythmias.
(Heart rate up respirations up temperature up CHF)

Airway Management in supportive care

Hyper = High hot fast

155
Q

Alpha cells produce ________

While beta cells produce ________

A

Alpha = glucagon

Beta = insulin

156
Q

What is the difference in TYPE 1 vs TYPE 2 Diabetes

A

Type 1:
requires insulin
early age
beta cells stop making insulin

Type 2:
oral med
can be managed
insulin resistance

157
Q

Antibodies or immunoglobulins are component of _________ and produced by _________

A

Humoral immunity

B-lymphocytes

Humoral immunity is a type of immune response mediated by antibodies produced by B-cells, which recognize and neutralize specific pathogens.

158
Q

Breast growth fat on hips and thighs pubic hair and menstruation

A

Estrogen

159
Q

Respiratory acidosis paCO2 amount

A

PaCO2 60

160
Q

What is the leading cause of Angioedema?

A

ACE inhibitors (causing facial swelling)

161
Q

For sleep how do you avoid SIDS

A

Sleep on their back

162
Q

Where are chemical mediators, such as histamine made (2)

A

Mast cells
And basophils

163
Q

What is the dose amount for Terbutaline?

when do you give it?

A

0.25mg IM (repeat once, total 0.5mg)

do not give under 12

for asthma, bronchospasm

beta 2 agonist

164
Q

What are the two hypothyroid dangers (2)

what are the signs of them

A

Myxedema coma - low temperature low immune system, ams, brady

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis - fatigue weight gain, constipation

Low thyroid = low, slow, cold

165
Q

What are the 7 physiological changes triggered by histamine release

A

Vasodilation

Permeability of blood vessels

Decrease cardiac contractility

Decrease coronary blood flow

Dysrhythmias

Bronchial constriction

Pulmonary vasoconstriction

166
Q

What is low blood sugar for an
adult,
ped,
infant,
neonate

A

adult - < (under) 70
ped - < 60
inf - < 60
neo - < 45

167
Q

9-year-old male minor in an mvc with autism how do you assess?

A

Assess distal then proximal

168
Q

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

its a thyroid danger (hypothyroid)

is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to chronic inflammation and decreased thyroid hormone production.

May begin with hyperthyroidism and progress to hypothyroidism

Low thyroid = low, slow, cold

169
Q

Regulates synthesis of melanin granules

A

MSH
(melanocyte-stimulating hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates skin pigmentation and may have anti-inflammatory effects.

170
Q

Define anaphylaxis

A

A systemic allergic reaction that affects two or more body systems

171
Q

What is the adult and pediatric dose of
Diphenhydramine

A

Adult 25-50 mg IM or IV

Pediatric 1-2 mg/kg IM or IV

172
Q

What is the only hormone in the body that decreases BGL

A

Insulin

173
Q

What is the dose amount for Dextrose?

When do you give it?

A

if bgl is under 70 mg/dl

5g (50mL) boluses one min apart
for a total of 250mL or 25g

Ped (up to 4): 2-4mL/kg to a max of 25g

174
Q

What is the primary immunoglobulin involved in allergic reactions

A

IgE

175
Q

The islet of Leger hands resides in the pancreas and they contain ________ and ________ cells

A

Alpha Beta

176
Q

What is the difference between anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reaction

A

Anaphylactoid reactions are similar to anaphylaxis but don’t involve any immune system response to an allergen

Anaphylactoid is triggered by direct stimulation of mast cells

Anaphylaxis is exposed to an allergen

177
Q

What does the Thyroid Gland stimulate? (3)

A

TSH - T3, T4
Metabolism
Calcitonin - Calcium

178
Q

Define Histamine

A

mediator (chemical weapon) released from Mast cells and Basophils.

179
Q

What are the different signs between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes insipidus (KIDNEYS) presents with polyuria (peeing) and polydipsia (excessive thirst) pituitary disorder, not enough ADH hormone). Can’t stop urinating

diabetes mellitus (PANCREAS) presents with polyuria, polydipsia, hyperglycemia, and weight loss.
high blood sugar from…
either not enough insulin or insulin RESISTANT

180
Q

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are produced by the _______ gland

A

Hypothalamus

181
Q

What is polyphaGia mean

And polydipsia

A

Excessive hunger

Polydipsia - excessive thirst

182
Q

Regulates metabolic processes related to growth and adaptation to physical and emotional stressors

A

Growth hormone

183
Q

Rule of nines bonfire burn

A

27

184
Q

Define Anaphylactic Shock

A

Severe hypersensitivity reaction with cardiovascular COLLAPSE and bronchoconstriction

185
Q

Albuterol
What is the dose for an adult and a pediatric

A

2.5 mg/3mL NS

Pediatric less than <20kg 1.25 mg/1.5 ml NS
Greater than > 20 kg 2.5 mg/3ml NS

186
Q

Abnormal breathing pattern associated with dka

A

Kussmauls

187
Q

People often blame their ________ gland for their obesity

A

Thyroid

188
Q

What is pruritis

A

Itching

189
Q

Define antigen, allergen, antibody

A

antigen, - a AGENT that triggers/stimulates an immune response, often by binding to specific antibodies

allergen, - is a type SUBSTANCE that triggers/produces an allergic reaction

antibody - are PROTIENS produced by the immune system in response to an antigen.

190
Q

What are ketones

And how do they relate to DKA

A

Ketones are chemical substances produced by the liver when the body is breaking down fat for energy.

In DKA, the body produces high levels of ketones due to the lack of insulin, which can lead to a dangerous metabolic state.

191
Q

Define AnaphylacTOID reaction

A

1st time reaction exposure.

Treated the same.

192
Q

46 y/o f Stung by bee on forearm is having
Local erythema and prutis

what is the treatment?

A

Give ice pack

one body system
erythema - redness of skin
pruitis - itching of skin

Mild reaction - dont have to give med.

Can give 25mg of Benadryl

give EPI if Allergic to bees (if ETT before)

193
Q

Define urticaria

A

hives

194
Q

What does Epi do

A

Stops mast cell degranulation

it stops the release of histamine and other mediators

acts as a potent (ALPHA 1) vasoconstrictor and (BETA 2) bronchodilator, which can help reverse the symptoms of an allergic reaction. (and BETA 1 - helps heart)

195
Q

What are the 4 Thyroid gland disorders

A

Myxedema coma is severe hypothyroidism
Graves’ disease is hyperthyroidism.
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening hyperthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease causing hypothyroidism.

Myxedema = Hypo - hypothermia/ams
Hashimoto’s = Autoimmune Hypo - fatigue/weight

Graves’ = Hyper - bulging eyes
Thyroid Storm = Severe Hyper - fever/tachy

196
Q

The male gonads are found in the ________

The most important hormone produced by the male gonad is ________

A

Testes

Testosterone

197
Q

What type of Med is cephalexm

A

Antibiotic

198
Q

What is NIDDM

A

“Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,” which is an older term for Type 2 Diabetes.

199
Q

What is the first medication given for anaphylaxis

A

Epi

200
Q

What are two pituitary disorders

A

Diabetes insipidus is caused by NOT ENOUGH ADH hormone, (pituitary disorder)

SIADH (syndrome of TOO MUCH antidiuretic hormone) is a condition of excess ADH secretion, leading to water RETENTION, hyponatremia, and hypoosmolality.

201
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Base of the brain the

Sella Turcica

202
Q

Where are ADH and Oxytocin

Produced and then Stored?

A

Produced - Hypothalamus

Stored - POSTERIOR PITUITARY

203
Q

What does the outer part of the Adrenal Glands called and produce?

A

Adrenal CORTEX

Aldosterone
Cortisol

204
Q

What does the Middle part of the Adrenal Glands called and produce? (3)

A

Adrenal Medulla

Catecholamines
EPI and NOR Epi

205
Q

What is SIADH

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH = Too much ADH

206
Q

What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

NOT ENOUGH production of Cortisol and Aldosterone

207
Q

What is Exophthalmos?

is a sign of?

A

bulging EYES

a sign of GRAVES

208
Q

BGL is high at _______ mg/dl

Treatment at ______mg/dl

A

high - 120

treatment - 300 (fluids)

209
Q

What is Kussmauls?

what is it a sign of?

A

deep labored breathing

DKA (metabolic acidosis)

210
Q

How long do you flush an Eye

A

20 mins

211
Q

What is Otits?

A

Ear Infection

212
Q

what is happening in Glaucoma

A

Pressure behind the eyes

213
Q

You have a patient with rr 14 but BGL is high =

You have a patient with rr 26 and BGL is high =

A

Normal respiration is HHS

High respiration is DKA

both high BGL

214
Q

Lysis is … Glycogenolysis

A

Lysis = BREAKING DOWN into a single

Glycogenolysis - breaking down into a single

(glucagon does this)

Paramedic (24 decks)

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