119 Mod 5 Endocrine, EENT, Peds, Immuno Flashcards
1
Q
What is utcaria
A
Hives, allergic reaction
2
Q
Define Thyrotoxicosis
what falls under this category?
A
is a state of EXCESSIVE THYROID hormone production or release. Signs include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, tremors, sweating
(NOTE: grave’s disease falls under this)
it is any condition with excessive thyroid hormone
3
Q
When are leukotrienes release?
A
They are released AFTER histamine worsens anaphylaxis increases Bronchoconstriction
They are molecules produced by immune cells, play a key role in inflammatory response of the body, because constriction of the airways increase mucus production, inflammation and recruitment of immune cells due to an allergen or irritant
4
Q
Define:
Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Polyuria
can occur with?
A
Excessive hunger
Excessive Thirst
Excessive peeing
poorly managed diabeties
5
Q
Other than hearing what key role does the ear play
A
Maintain balance
6
Q
Why what is Myxedema coma
And what are the signs
A
is a life-threatening complication of SEVERE HYPOTHYROIDISM, leading to altered mental status, hypothermia, and multiorgan dysfunction.
Patient is optunded (AMS), cold to the touch, bradycardic
7
Q
True or false there’s an oral medication for type 1 diabetes
A
False there’s no oral insulin
8
Q
IDDM stands for
A
“Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus,” which is an older term for Type 1 Diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults
In Type 1 Diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin, while in Type 2 Diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough insulin.
9
Q
What are the key differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
A
Type 1 is usually diagnosed in children
Type 2 is usually diagnosed in adults over the age of 40
Type 1 the the pancreas produces little to no insulin
Type 2 the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough
signs:
Type 1 - excessive thirst, frequent urination unexplained weight loss and fatigue
Type 2 - blurred vision numbness tingling in the hands and feet, similar signs
10
Q
When bacteria die inside of a body they release a protein that is called an
A
Endotoxin
11
Q
Which is subnormal T3 and T4 production a sign of
A
Hypothyroid
Low thyroid = low, slow, cold
12
Q
Define Anaphylactoid Reaction
A
allergic reaction after 1st time exposure to substance. (Not IgE mediated.) Same clinical picture as anaphylaxis so they are treated the same
13
Q
The ________ is a large part of the endocrine system, but it is not an actual gland
A
Hypothalamus
14
Q
What is the dose of Atrovent?
what class?
A
500mcg
anticholinergic bronhchodilator
half if 1-2 years old
do not give less than 1
15
Q
Gland but important essential, bodily functions, such as temperature, hunger thirst and hormone secretion
A
Hypothalamus
16
Q
What does the Alpha receptors in the pancreas secrete
and what does it do?
A
Glucagon
it is released when BGL is LOW to
stimulate the live to turn glucogen to sugar
17
Q
What is the difference between HHNK and DKA?
A
DKA -shortage of insulin, fats breakdown body starts ketone production, metabolic acidosis, (blood too acidic) fruity smelling, nausea, ab pain
HHNK involves severe dehydration without ketone production. Theres enough insulin but not enough to lower bgl
extreme thirst, dry mouth, dry skin
DKA is considered more serious due to metabolic acidosis
18
Q
The BREAKING DOWN of glycogen to the usable form of glucose is termed ________ (INTO A SINGLE)
A
Glycogenolysis
19
Q
What is the difference between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus
A
Diabetes insipidus is caused by not enough ADH hormone, (pituitary disorder)
while diabetes mellitus is caused by insulin deficiency or resistance.
20
Q
Buffalo hump, Moon face and acne as signs of?
and what is the cause
A
Cushing syndrome
excess cortisol hormone
21
Q
What happens if no ADH is produced
A
Increased urine production occurs
22
Q
What are the signs of Cushing syndrome (big 2 signs)
What is Cushing syndrome
What is the treatment of Cushing syndrome
A
Signs are moon face, buffalo hump, diagnosed with fibromyalgia, unusual hair growth
its is a disorder caused by EXCESS CORTISOL secretion, often due to pituitary or adrenal gland tumors. Too much corticosteroids
supportive care
23
Q
In times of stress how does the hypothalamus respond
What does the response cause
A
secretes ACTH
then the adrenal cortex releases CORTISOL
Cortisol stimulates fight or flight
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
24
Q
Immunity you are born with is called
A
Innate/natural immunity
25
Hypertension and Bradycardia in a unconscious patient indicates?
ICP
26
Increases (Stimulates) production and secretion of thyroid hormones
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Produced by the pituitary gland
27
What is it called when our body creates "autoantibodies" and attacks its own tissues?
autoimmunity
28
Your patient had a sinkable episode and now has SOB, face swelling, and abdominal pain
You suspect ______ and why
Anaphylaxis
Because it's two or more body systems
29
The thymus gland is located in the ________
Chest
Mediastinum
30
What is an endocrine gland
Give three examples
Secretes chemicals that are used INSIDE the body
Adrenal
Pituitary
Thyroid
31
T3 T4 and calcitonin (hormones) are produced by the _______ gland
Thyroid
32
What might cold and clammy skin indicate
hypothyroidism (also cold/dry)
hypoglycemia
(shock or hypothermia)
33
For women progesterone production and ovulation
For men it regulates testosterone production and spermogenesis
LH
LH (luteinizing hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.
34
The female gonads are found in the ________
The two most important hormones produced by the female gonads are ________ and ________
Ovaries
Estrogen and progesterone
35
What are the 4 adrenal gland disorders
(2 have same name...)
Cushings Syndrome – too much corticosteroids (cortisol and aldosterone)
Addison’s Disease – too little corticosteroids
Addisonian Crisis – extreme exacerbation of low corticosteroids
PheoChromocytoma – tumor creating excess release of Catecholamines
36
Where is melatonin produced
Pineal gland
37
What are the properties of Epinephrine
(what is it doing)
Alpha 1 agonist
B1 and B2 agonist
halts degranulation of mast cells
38
What is ADdisonian Crisis
what can cause it?
Acute ADrenal (low) insufficiency
from stress, surgery, trauma, or infection
hyponatremia (low sodium) leading to hypotension
can be from corticosteroid steroid withdrawal
39
With the adrenal gland:
what is disorder for:
LOW cortisol
Addison's Disease
40
In the body's attempt to maintain_________ it utilizes________ and_______ feedback mechanisms
Homeostasis
Positive
Negative
41
Would you give a patient in bradycardia
When pacing an atropine don't work
And dose (2)
Dopamine 2 -10 mcg/kg/min
Epi 2-10 mcg/min
(or both)
42
The endocrine system is a network of________- that produce and secrete______
Which are chemical Messengers
Glands
Hormones
43
What is the treatment for an impaled eye?
cover with gauze, cover both eyes
44
What is an exocrine gland
Name three examples
It secretes chemicals for elimination FROM the body
sweat glands
salivary glands
the liver
45
Define Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
it is an adrenal gland disorder
causing low cortisol and high androgens
signs are early onset of puberty, In females, signs of CAH include ambiguous genitalia, irrg periods
(signs are more noticeable in women)
46
Where is calcitonin produced
Thyroid gland
47
The ________ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
Pancreas
48
After an organ transplant your patient is red and warm with edema
What might be happening
Transplant rejection
49
What two things happen during histamine release
Increase vascular permeability
Bronchoconstriction
50
What is hypothyroidism
What are the signs
And what is the medication treatment
It’s when the thyroid gland produces not enough thyroid hormone,
causing decreased metabolism.
Cold skin, and weak
Synthroid or levoxyl
51
Thymosin (hormone) is produced by the ________ gland
Thymus
Thymosin is a hormone produced by the thymus gland that plays a role in the development and maturation of T-cells.
T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity and in coordinating the immune response.
52
Stimulates milk production
Prolactin
53
Pale cool moist skin maybe be a sign of? (2)
Shock
Hypoglycemia
54
Endocrine emergencies are generally caused by (3)
Lack of hormone production
Excessive hormone production
Failure of feedback mechanism
55
what is the dose of an EPI drip
how do you set up?
How many drops a min?
1mg in 100mL at 60gtts/min
after 5 mins 120gtts/min
1mg in to a 100mL bag
56
10 y/o F ate a peanut, doesnt have her prescribed epi-pen. Has SOB dysphaGia, Wheezing
what is the treatment?
Epi - 1:1,000 - 0.5mg x3
Neb treatment
dysphagia - difficult swallowing
dysphaSIA- speaking
57
Hot and Dry skin maybe a sign of? (3)
Fever
Hyperglycemia
or Stoke
(give fluids)
58
Glucagon is produced in the ________
Pancreas
59
Converts glycogen into the usable form of glucose
Glucagon
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage,
glucagon raises glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
60
What does the D receptors in the pancreas secrete
Somastatin
61
Which Receptor sites does epinephrine affect
Alpha receptor sites
62
Controls plasma osmolarity and increases water reabsorption
ADH - antidiuretic hormone
63
What is the
adult dose of epi
And pediatric dose
Adult
0.3 -0.5 mg 1 : 1,000 IM
Pediatric
0.01 mg/kg 1 : 1,000 IM
2-10mcg/min infusion
64
What is DKA
What are the signs of dka
What is the treatment for dka
What bgl amount?
Extreme hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.
Type 1 diabetics are at risk
signs: polyuria, polydipsia, abdominal pain, fruity breath, Kussmaul breathing, AMS, and dehydration.
Fluids, patient needs insulin from the hospital needs insulin to utilize the glucose (hyperglycemia)
Peds - fluids when in SHOCK
Often above 300 bgl (mg/dl)
65
Which endocrine gland is also known as the master gland
Why
The pituitary gland
It's secretions control the secretions of all the other endocrine glands
66
What are the two HYPERthyroidism dangers (2)
what are the signs of them
Graves disease - bulging eyes = exophthalmos ( most common)
Thyroid storm - heart rate up respirations up temperature up, CHF (may follow thyroid surgery)
Hyper = High hot fast
67
Liver stores glucose in the form of ________
What is the process called
Glycogen
Glycogenesis
68
What is the IM dose of glucagon (max?)
when do you give
and what type of overdose?
1mg IM (or IV) max of 3mg
hypoglycemic or beta blocker overdose
69
Everyday autism care
Develop and language skills
70
89 y/o Black F taking lisinopril (ace inhib) and for 4 days swollen face but can swallow.
what is the treatment?
Angioedema
Steroids needed
but can do allergic reaction protocol
71
What type of cell produces insulin
and what are the primary effects of insulin on the body
Beta Cells
Islet of langerhands
in the Pancreas
Insulin regulates glucose metabolism after a meal. It goes in the blood stream and allows the body to take glucose to the muscles fat and liver cells. And helps with storage of glucose as glycogen.
72
When do most infants suffer SIDS?
most are during the first 6 mos
most have both lividity (obvious sign, purple) and rigor mortis
allow parents to touch
use baby's name
73
Define Angioedema
rapid swelling of the skin's deeper layers, usually in the face, lips, tongue, or throat. Potentially life threatening
Prehospital anaphylaxis
74
Stimulates development of T cells
Thymosin
is a hormone produced by the thymus gland that plays a role in the development and maturation of T-cells.
T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity and in coordinating the immune response.
75
After an organ transplant the patient has red warm edema
what is happening
Transplant rejection
76
Urticaria vs Pruritis
Urticaria - hives
PrurITIS - iching
77
What is the IV/IM dose of Diphenhydramine
when do you give
what is the PED dose?
Adult: 25-50mg SLOW IV/IM
Ped: 1mg/kg SLOW IV/IM
anaphylaxis, allergic reaction
78
In the setting of pediatric pulses arrests, what anti arrhythmic medication (including dose) can be given to a patient in v-fib (2)
Amiodarone
Pediatric dose 5 mg/kg
Or
Lidocaine 1 mg/kg
79
Define Angioedema
swelling of deep tissues of face due to accumulation of fluids. (Hives/Urticaria involve the epidermis while angioedema affects deep dermal, sub-Q and sub-mucosal layers. Predominantly around the mouth, lips, tongue, eyes (may also be present in hands, feet, and throat).
ACE inhibitors are the leading cause of drug induced angioedema!
80
The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate forms is termed ________
Gluconeogenesis
81
You find uticaria and your patient's abdomen, you should administer
(and dose, adult and ped)
Diphenhydramine 25-50 mg
ped 1-2mg/kg (max 50mg)
82
Check for ABC and DE
what does D and E stand for?
D - disability
E - exposure
airway breathing circulation
83
For women estrogen production and follicle maturation
For men spermogenesis
FSH
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males.
84
Sleep wake pattern and mating behavior
Melatonin
85
Which cranial nerve is
oculomotor
and
optic
oculomotor - 3rd
optic - 2nd
86
55 y/o stung by bee bp 80/60 unconscious diminished lung fields bilaterally
what is the treatment?
Epi - 1: 1,000 - 0.5mg x3 lat thigh IM - ETT with NEB treatment
give benadryl 25-50mg (stop histamine release)
Dexamethasone 10mg (helps with swelling)
unstable so give EPI DRIP, fluids - keeps bp up.
87
Anaphylactic shock falls under which type of shock?
Distributive
88
Name Two primary chemical mediators
(Think allergic reaction)
Histamines and leukotrienes
89
When a DKA patient is using kussmaul's respirations what is their ETCO2
ETCO2 goes down
kussmauls - deep, rapid respirations. (metabolic acidosis)
90
GCS
13
91
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are stored by the _______ gland
Posterior pituitary
92
What is excess T3 and T4 production a sign of
Hyperthyroid
93
What might hot and moist skin indicate
hyperthyroidism
hyperpituitarism
94
True or false
With autoimmune disorders the bodies immune system attacks its own tissues
True
95
What does the adrenal gland produce
Epi
96
The brain uses for fuel (2)
Glucose and oxygen
97
Oxytocin is produced ________
Specifically the ________ part
Pituitary gland
Posterior
98
Atrovent
What is the adult and pediatric dose
500 mcg (both adult and ped)
Ipratropium
parasympatholitic bronchodilator
Anaphylaxis, asthma, emphysema
ped - dont give less than 1
1-2 y/o : 250mcg
2y/o: adult dose
99
The ________ gland releases melatonin, which influences your sleep awake cycle
Pineal
100
Define Antigen
substance that reacts with pre-formed components of the immune system. Any substance capable of inducing an immune response (to produce antibodies)
101
What are 3 examples of Negative feedback
BGL control
Body Temperature
Calcium regulation
102
Define Allergen
a SUBSTANCE that causes an immune system response, resulting in allergic reactions.
Allergen = Allergic reaction trigger."
103
PTH (hormone) is produced by the _______ gland
Parathyroid
PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body.
104
The adrenal glands are also known as the ________ and are located on top of the kidneys
Suprarenal
adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney, in the retroperitoneum of the abdominal cavity.
105
What is Mottled skin a sign of?
Pancreatitis
skin that is patchy, blotchy
106
What does the Beta receptors in the pancreas secrete
and what does it do?
Insulin
it is released when glucose levels are HIGH and helps the liver process/take in more for energy/stores
107
The ________ gland is referred to as the master gland
It has two lobes
Pituitary
Anterior and posterior
108
Tropic means ________
To turn or Affinity to
109
Define pruritis
itching
110
What are the 3 gluco-glyco's
o GlucoNEOgenesis – creating NEW glucose from non-carb sources (this happens in DKA)
o GlycogenoLYsis – BREAKING DOWN glycogen INTO single glucose molecules (glucagon does this)
o GlycoGENesis – creating glycogen strands from SINGLE glucose molecules (insulin does this)
111
Patient has uticardia and wheezing what is the treatment
Two rounds of Epi plus an Epi infusion
112
What class of drugs are
Solumedrol and Methylprednisone?
Corticosteroids
113
Where are T cells produced
Thymus gland-
114
-uterine contraction DURING CHILDBIRTH and stimulates milk production
Oxytocin
115
What is the dose of Dextrose
for adult/peds
adult:
D10 in 50mL (5 grams) boluses, one min apart. max 250mL (5 syrynges) 25 grams.
peds:
2-4mL/kg to a max of 25 grams
116
What does EPI do?
Stops mast cell degranulation
and starts
vasoconstriction and bronchodilation
117
"KEY" that allows glucose to cross the cell membrane and converts glucose to glycogen
Insulin
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage,
glucagon raises glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
118
The hormone produced by the pituitary that
Stimulates adrenal gland to secrete cortisol and adrenal proteins
ACTH
(adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
119
Causes bones to release calcium
(secretes when calcium levels are low)
PTH
(parathyroid hormone) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body.
120
Pregnancy and menstruation
Progesterone
121
Signs of diarrhea mass
with the front of the neck and eyes protruding
Graves’ disease
Hypothyroidism cause bulging eyes, anxiety, weight loss, fatigue, in increase heart rate
122
What is Type 2 diabetes
it is a chronic condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce enough insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels.
123
Progesterone is produced in the
Ovaries
124
What are 2 examples of positive feedback
Child birth
Blood clotting
125
What is the difference in treatment between
diabetes insipidus
and diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus (Pituitary) is treated with ADH hormone replacement (pituitary disorder, not enough ADH hormone)
diabetes mellitus (Pancreas) is treated with insulin or other medications to lower blood sugar levels. (type 1&2)
126
What is normal paCO2
35-45mm Hg
127
Catecholamines are produced in the ________ gland
Adrenal
They are dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
they regulate the body’s response to stress
Mood and vitals
also cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone
128
Which cranial nerve controls motion of the eyeball and upper eyelids
The third cranial nerve, oculomotor
129
Define Pheochromocytoma
tumor of the adrenal gland that secretes excess adrenaline and noradrenaline,
causing high blood pressure.
adrenal gland disorder
130
Explain negative and positive feedback
Positive - hormone stimulates more of the same hormone
example - LH during ovulation and childbirth
Negative - reduces or stops hormone
example - bgl levels by insulin/glucagon
131
Cortisol and aldosterone (hormones) are produced by the _______ gland
Adrenal gland
adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney, in the retroperitoneum of the abdominal cavity.
132
What is BRUE?
BRUE stands for
Brief Resolved Unexplained Events,
and it refers to an episode in infants (less than 1) that involves a sudden change in breathing, color, muscle tone, or responsiveness.
old term was "ALTE"
133
Stimulates body cells to increase energy production
Cortisol
Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate stress response, blood sugar levels, and immune function in the body.
cortisol stimulates body cells to increase energy by promoting the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, and by increasing the release of glucose into the bloodstream.
134
Stimulates energy production in cells
Thyroxine
135
Whats major differences between DKA and HHS
DKA - kussmauls, metabolic acidosis, needs fluids and insulin, fruity breath (ketones), type 1 diabetic
HHS - higher BGL, type 2 diabetic,
non-ketotic, dehydrate
136
What might a diabetic type 1 patient use
Insulin pump
137
What are the two main chemical mediators
Released by mast cells and basophils
During allergic immune response
Histamines
Leukotrienes
both cause - vasodilation increased vascular permeability bronchial constriction
138
The hormone from the Adrenal Glands that regulates the Reabsorption of sodium and water from the urine and excretes excess potassium
Aldosterone
a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates sodium and potassium balance in the body.
139
5 y/o male ate a PBJ and now experiencing a stomach ache and vomiting
treatment?
Give benadryl 1-2mg/kg IV/IM
(no epi - needs hives and/OR wheezing, then give EPI)
140
What is the adult dose and pediatric dose of dexamethasone
Adult 10 to 100 mg IV
Pediatric 0.25 - 1mg/kg IM or IV (Max dose of 16 mg)
141
What is the most common endocrine emergency seen
Hypoglycemia
142
Insulin and glucagon are produced by the _______
Pancreas (LUQ)
Insulin - Beta cells of the islets of langerhans. glucagon - alpha cells of the islets of langerhans.
143
What happens during histamine release
Increase in vascular (vasodilation) permeability and Broncoconstriction. rhinorrhea, lacrimation
from degranulation of mast cells
144
Voice deepening growth of facial hair muscle development and pubic hair
Testosterone
145
Growth hormone is produced in the ________
Specifically the ________ part
Pituitary gland
Anterior
146
What is CAH
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited condition causing impaired cortisol synthesis and excess androgen production.
Treated with lifetime cortisol and aldosterone replacement therapy
147
What are four medications you can give for an anaphylaxis (in order)
Epi - 1mg
Albuterol 2.5 mg (beta 2 bronchodilator)
Benadryl 25 - 50 mg
Corticosteroid - dexamethasone
(O2, fluids)
148
With the adrenal gland:
what is disorder for:
HIGH Cortisol
Cushing syndrome
high levels of CCortisol.
"Cushing's = Cortisol Overload."
149
When Thyroxin is release for energy by the _________ gland
It is a __________ feedback
Thyroid
Negative
150
Define Antibody
PROTEIN the body produces in response to allergen
151
What is Addisonian crisis
What are the signs
What is the most common cause
its acute adrenal insufficiency caused by INSUFFICIENT (LOW) CORTISOL often triggered by stress or illness.
HYPOtension, tachycardia, dehydration, AMS , and electrolyte imbalances.
Steroid withdrawal is the most common cause
152
How many doses of EPI can you give for an Allergic/Anaphlaxis?
what else can you give after initial dose? (5)
Epi 1:1,000
0.5mg IM
every 5 mins
to a max of 3 doses
then give:
Albuterol 2.5mg neb
Atrovent 500 mcg neb
Diphenhydra 50mg SLOW IVP
Fluids 20 mL/kg (if sys less 90)
Dexamethasone 10mg IV
additional doses consult
153
When would you remove contact lenses from a patient?
Chemical burn
154
What is thyroid storm
What are the signs
What is the treatment
Its a life-threatening complication of HYPERthyroidism characterized by a sudden worsening of symptoms and signs.
Signs - fever, tachycardia, hypertension, agitation, AMS, arrhythmias.
(Heart rate up respirations up temperature up CHF)
Airway Management in supportive care
Hyper = High hot fast
155
Alpha cells produce ________
While beta cells produce ________
Alpha = glucagon
Beta = insulin
156
What is the difference in TYPE 1 vs TYPE 2 Diabetes
Type 1:
requires insulin
early age
beta cells stop making insulin
Type 2:
oral med
can be managed
insulin resistance
157
Antibodies or immunoglobulins are component of _________ and produced by _________
Humoral immunity
B-lymphocytes
Humoral immunity is a type of immune response mediated by antibodies produced by B-cells, which recognize and neutralize specific pathogens.
158
Breast growth fat on hips and thighs pubic hair and menstruation
Estrogen
159
Respiratory acidosis paCO2 amount
PaCO2 60
160
What is the leading cause of Angioedema?
ACE inhibitors (causing facial swelling)
161
For sleep how do you avoid SIDS
Sleep on their back
162
Where are chemical mediators, such as histamine made (2)
Mast cells
And basophils
163
What is the dose amount for Terbutaline?
when do you give it?
0.25mg IM (repeat once, total 0.5mg)
do not give under 12
for asthma, bronchospasm
beta 2 agonist
164
What are the two hypothyroid dangers (2)
what are the signs of them
Myxedema coma - low temperature low immune system, ams, brady
Hashimoto's thyroiditis - fatigue weight gain, constipation
Low thyroid = low, slow, cold
165
What are the 7 physiological changes triggered by histamine release
Vasodilation
Permeability of blood vessels
Decrease cardiac contractility
Decrease coronary blood flow
Dysrhythmias
Bronchial constriction
Pulmonary vasoconstriction
166
What is low blood sugar for an
adult,
ped,
infant,
neonate
adult - < (under) 70
ped - < 60
inf - < 60
neo - < 45
167
9-year-old male minor in an mvc with autism how do you assess?
Assess distal then proximal
168
What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis
its a thyroid danger (hypothyroid)
is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to chronic inflammation and decreased thyroid hormone production.
May begin with hyperthyroidism and progress to hypothyroidism
Low thyroid = low, slow, cold
169
Regulates synthesis of melanin granules
MSH
(melanocyte-stimulating hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates skin pigmentation and may have anti-inflammatory effects.
170
Define anaphylaxis
A systemic allergic reaction that affects two or more body systems
171
What is the adult and pediatric dose of
Diphenhydramine
Adult 25-50 mg IM or IV
Pediatric 1-2 mg/kg IM or IV
172
What is the only hormone in the body that decreases BGL
Insulin
173
What is the dose amount for Dextrose?
When do you give it?
if bgl is under 70 mg/dl
5g (50mL) boluses one min apart
for a total of 250mL or 25g
Ped (up to 4): 2-4mL/kg to a max of 25g
174
What is the primary immunoglobulin involved in allergic reactions
IgE
175
The islet of Leger hands resides in the pancreas and they contain ________ and ________ cells
Alpha Beta
176
What is the difference between anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reaction
Anaphylactoid reactions are similar to anaphylaxis but don't involve any immune system response to an allergen
Anaphylactoid is triggered by direct stimulation of mast cells
Anaphylaxis is exposed to an allergen
177
What does the Thyroid Gland stimulate? (3)
TSH - T3, T4
Metabolism
Calcitonin - Calcium
178
Define Histamine
mediator (chemical weapon) released from Mast cells and Basophils.
179
What are the different signs between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus (KIDNEYS) presents with polyuria (peeing) and polydipsia (excessive thirst) pituitary disorder, not enough ADH hormone). Can't stop urinating
diabetes mellitus (PANCREAS) presents with polyuria, polydipsia, hyperglycemia, and weight loss.
high blood sugar from...
either not enough insulin or insulin RESISTANT
180
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are produced by the _______ gland
Hypothalamus
181
What is polyphaGia mean
And polydipsia
Excessive hunger
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
182
Regulates metabolic processes related to growth and adaptation to physical and emotional stressors
Growth hormone
183
Rule of nines bonfire burn
27
184
Define Anaphylactic Shock
Severe hypersensitivity reaction with cardiovascular COLLAPSE and bronchoconstriction
185
Albuterol
What is the dose for an adult and a pediatric
2.5 mg/3mL NS
Pediatric less than <20kg 1.25 mg/1.5 ml NS
Greater than > 20 kg 2.5 mg/3ml NS
186
Abnormal breathing pattern associated with dka
Kussmauls
187
People often blame their ________ gland for their obesity
Thyroid
188
What is pruritis
Itching
189
Define antigen, allergen, antibody
antigen, - a AGENT that triggers/stimulates an immune response, often by binding to specific antibodies
allergen, - is a type SUBSTANCE that triggers/produces an allergic reaction
antibody - are PROTIENS produced by the immune system in response to an antigen.
190
What are ketones
And how do they relate to DKA
Ketones are chemical substances produced by the liver when the body is breaking down fat for energy.
In DKA, the body produces high levels of ketones due to the lack of insulin, which can lead to a dangerous metabolic state.
191
Define AnaphylacTOID reaction
1st time reaction exposure.
Treated the same.
192
46 y/o f Stung by bee on forearm is having
Local erythema and prutis
what is the treatment?
Give ice pack
one body system
erythema - redness of skin
pruitis - itching of skin
Mild reaction - dont have to give med.
Can give 25mg of Benadryl
give EPI if Allergic to bees (if ETT before)
193
Define urticaria
hives
194
What does Epi do
Stops mast cell degranulation
it stops the release of histamine and other mediators
acts as a potent (ALPHA 1) vasoconstrictor and (BETA 2) bronchodilator, which can help reverse the symptoms of an allergic reaction. (and BETA 1 - helps heart)
195
What are the 4 Thyroid gland disorders
Myxedema coma is severe hypothyroidism
Graves' disease is hyperthyroidism.
Thyroid storm is a life-threatening hyperthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease causing hypothyroidism.
Myxedema = Hypo - hypothermia/ams
Hashimoto's = Autoimmune Hypo - fatigue/weight
Graves' = Hyper - bulging eyes
Thyroid Storm = Severe Hyper - fever/tachy
196
The male gonads are found in the ________
The most important hormone produced by the male gonad is ________
Testes
Testosterone
197
What type of Med is cephalexm
Antibiotic
198
What is NIDDM
"Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus," which is an older term for Type 2 Diabetes.
199
What is the first medication given for anaphylaxis
Epi
200
What are two pituitary disorders
Diabetes insipidus is caused by NOT ENOUGH ADH hormone, (pituitary disorder)
SIADH (syndrome of TOO MUCH antidiuretic hormone) is a condition of excess ADH secretion, leading to water RETENTION, hyponatremia, and hypoosmolality.
201
Where is the pituitary gland located?
Base of the brain the
Sella Turcica
202
Where are ADH and Oxytocin
Produced and then Stored?
Produced - Hypothalamus
Stored - POSTERIOR PITUITARY
203
What does the outer part of the Adrenal Glands called and produce?
Adrenal CORTEX
Aldosterone
Cortisol
204
What does the Middle part of the Adrenal Glands called and produce? (3)
Adrenal Medulla
Catecholamines
EPI and NOR Epi
205
What is SIADH
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH = Too much ADH
206
What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
NOT ENOUGH production of Cortisol and Aldosterone
207
What is Exophthalmos?
is a sign of?
bulging EYES
a sign of GRAVES
208
BGL is high at _______ mg/dl
Treatment at ______mg/dl
high - 120
treatment - 300 (fluids)
209
What is Kussmauls?
what is it a sign of?
deep labored breathing
DKA (metabolic acidosis)
210
How long do you flush an Eye
20 mins
211
What is Otits?
Ear Infection
212
what is happening in Glaucoma
Pressure behind the eyes
213
You have a patient with rr 14 but BGL is high =
You have a patient with rr 26 and BGL is high =
Normal respiration is HHS
High respiration is DKA
both high BGL
214
Lysis is ... Glycogenolysis
Lysis = BREAKING DOWN into a single
Glycogenolysis - breaking down into a single
(glucagon does this)
