11.5 Flashcards
1
Q
If flying IFR, shall the captains and first officers flight instruments be linked or have separate systems ?
A
Separate, incase of a failure the other side has live instruments.
2
Q
Whats a PFD also known as ?
A
EADI
Electronic attitude direction indicator
3
Q
Whats a ND also known as ?
A
Electronic horizontal situation indicator ( EHSI )
4
Q
Whats 1013.25 HPA equivalent to in mercury ?
A
29.92 inches of mercury
5
Q
What 3 main instruments work off of pressure ?
A
VSI
ALT
ASI
6
Q
For every 1000ft increase in altitude, how much does the temperature decrease by ?
A
-2 degrees
7
Q
What the Average temp at sea level ?
A
15 degrees
8
Q
What pressure does the altimeter connect to ?
A
Static pressure
9
Q
At 18,000 ft, what’s the pressure difference in a percentage to the pressure at sea level ?
A
50% less than at sea level.
10
Q
Where is the static pressure being fed to on an altimeter ?
A
Sealed case.
11
Q
What does a transducer do ?
A
Takes analog signal and transfers it into an electrical signal.
12
Q
Explain the function of an air data computer ( ADC ) ?
A
Sends signal to ground which is sent back up to the plane which determines the altitude
( transducer )
13
Q
What pressure is airspeed indicator connected to ?
A
Static and dynamic ( pitot ) pressure
14
Q
Note - bellows at high speed expanded and at low speed are compressed in the instruments
A
15
Q
On a VSI, what is the qualitative and quantitive ?
A
Qualitative - colour arc
Quantitive - number arc
16
Q
How does a VSI work ?
A
Under a calibrated metering unit and fed from static pressure input
17
Q
What does a Mach meter measure ?
A
Measures speed of aircraft to the speed of sound.
18
Q
Where will standard air temp and outside air temp be the same ?
A
On the ground
19
Q
How are pitot heads connected to ASI ?
A
Through pipes made from plastic metal or rubber
20
Q
Whats the difference between the measured and real static pressure called ?
A
Static source error
21
Q
What causes static source error ?
A
Fuselage shape
Angle of attack
( corrected by ADC )
22
Q
Where are static ports located ?
A
Away from direct airflow
23
Q
Whats a IRU ?
A
Inershia reference unit
- talks to the ADC
24
Q
Whats a combined IRU and ADC called ?
A
ADIRU
25
If aircraft is in a side slip, how will this affect the static ports ?
Give incorrect readings so there are static ports applied on both sides which are connected and when the aircraft is in a slip, it takes the average from them both
26
What should a certified IFR aircraft have ?
Duplicate instrument system, supplied by different pitot and static system.
- safety improvement - installation of a static selector valve to allow he pilot to use the co-pilots static pressure system incase of a failure in his
27
What does a radio altimeter measure ?
Distance of an aircraft above the ground rather than sea level.
( sends signal to grounds and measures the speed of the pulse back up to the plane which tells you the altitude )
28
Explain an encoding altimeter ?
Electronic pressure sensor that sends a digital code to the aircraft’s ATC transponder.
Gives ATC info about who you are and how high you are
29
What principle does a servo motor work under ?
E & I bar
30
Whats installed into an instantaneous vertical speed indicator to give a instant reading ?
Dashpot
31
How long does it take for a Gyro to run down ?
20 minutes
32
What gyro is to be used for the attitude director indicator ( pitch ) ?
Vertical gyro
33
What gyro is used for a horizontal situation indicator ?
Directional gyro ( horizontal gyro )
34
What gyro is used for the rate of turn indication ?
Rate gyro
35
What gyro does an electronic flight instrument system use ?
Electronic gyro or lazar gyros
36
What is a gyro ?
Rotating mass that keeps the direction of its axis constant.
37
What 3 factors give a gyro stability ?
It’s mass
Rotational speed * more used on aircraft
Distance between axis
38
How are gyros fixed ?
Using a gimbal
39
What will dictate the degrees of freedom on a gyro ?
Number of gimbles it has
40
For every gamble added to a gyroscope, how many degrees of movement is added ?
1 degrees every 1 gimble
41
How many degrees of freedom does an earth gyro have ?
2 degrees
( constrained by earths gravity )
42
How many degrees of freedom does a rate gyro have ?
1
( when constrained by screens, it will have 1 and a half degrees of freedom
43
What does the word rigidity mean ?
Gyroscopes ability to maintain its axis while pointing in a fixed direction.
44
Whats gyroscopic wander ?
Any deviation from its fixed direction.
45
How many degrees Does a fixed gyro have to be compensated for every hour ?
15 degrees
46
Whats real wander ?
Actual movement of the spin axis caused by engineering imperfections ( friction / unbalanced )
47
Whats a torque motor used for in a gyroscope ?
To level it out and return it to the centre
48
What generates the airflow on a pneumatic drive / gyro ?
Vacuum or suction
49
Whats the two types of levelling switches used on gyros ?
Electrolytic switch
Mercury switch
50
What does a pendulum do on an air driven gyro ?
Generates erection force using the airflow to keep the axis of the gyro vertical
51
Whats an advantage of using a lazar gyro ?
No moving parts
Less maintenance
52
What gyro does a direction indicator have ?
Horizontal gyro
53
What powers turn and slip indicators ?
DC
54
What gyro is used in a tween indicator ?
Rate gyro
55
How many degrees does a rate gyro have of freedom ?
1.5 degrees
56
Why is a standby compass screened ?
To stop magnetic fields interfering
57
Whats variation the difference between ?
Difference between magnetic heading and true heading
58
Whats the difference between magnetic and true north ?
Variation
59
What heading does all navigation equipment base themselves on ?
Magnetic heading
60
Why don’t aircraft fly over the north and South Pole directly ?
As the instruments will become unusable due to inclination
61
Where should magnetic direction indicator be installed ?
Installed somewhere that its accuracy I not excessively affected by the aeroplanes vibrations or magnetic fields
62
Explain hard iron magnetism and soft iron magnetism ?
Hard - permanently magnetised and difficult to de-magnetise
Soft - temporary magnetism
63
What does the lubber line show on a standby direction indicator ?
Shows heading
64
Why is the standby direction indicator filled with fluid ?
To dampen to scale movements
65
What the expansion unit used for in a standby direction Indicator ?
Compensates for fluid expansion caused by temp changes.
66
When does a standby direction compass work the best ?
When wings are level
67
What the purpose for a compass deviation card ?
For the pilot to make adjustments to compass in air
68
What does a magnetic flux do ?
Transmits directions to aircraft systems regarding its orientation relative to the earths magnetic field fields
69
What sets off the stall warner ?
When exceeding the Alfa max
70
How many knots should the stall warner operate above the stall speed ?
5kts or 5% above stall speed
71
What changes the Alfa max ?
Config of aircraft
72
Whats the advantage of using glass screens to analog instruments ?
—Clear and colourful
—Gives precise values
—Can display different images in case u loose data on one display
—less space
—easier maintenance
73
What does the PFD show ?
-airspeed
-attitude
-heading
-altitude
-vertical speed
-flight mode annunciation
-radio altitude
-flight guidance cues
74
What does the ND show ?
-VOR modes
-approach modes
-map modes ( arc,rose )
-PLAN mode
75
What does the WD show ( warning display )
-EICAS & ECAM
-warnings
-cautions
-advisories
-communication messages
-memos
76
What busses transmit data to EFIS ?
ARINC429/629
77
What two modes is weather data only present on screen ?
In expanded VOR and ILS modes
( not on full VOR and ILS modes )
78
What does the EADI ( PFD ) test display do ?
Indicates a “OK” or a “FAIL” in case a faulty LRU is identified.
Symbol colours light up a those used in normal operation which allows you to detect and discolour or incorrect readings.
79
What are the colour of the 3 electron guns ?
Blue
Green
Red
( mix guns to get other colours on the display )
80
What’s the purpose for autopilot ?
Reduces human error
Impaired judgement
Reduce pilots work load
81
How many methods should be available for the crew to disengage autopilot ?
2
82
Whats the use for the flight director system ?
Computes pitch and bank angles required in order for the aircraft to follow a selected path found on the PFD
83
What counteracts Dutch role ?
Yaw damper
- operational for whole flight
- deflects flight control surface in opposite direction
84
Whats flight envelope protection ?
Prevents abnormal conditions during autopilot flight
85
What is the purpose of a flight management system ?
Carry’s out performance calculations for flight performance
86
Does auto throttle move the quadrant ?
NO !!@
( controlled by the FADEC )
87
What’s the two types of auto pilot channels ?
Duplex system
Triplex system
88
How many lanes does a duplex system operate in ?
Two lanes
89
How many lanes does a triplex system operate in ?
Three lanes
90
Whats a closed loop system ?
When a command is placed and it sends feedback to show that the command has been achieved
91
What is it called when the auto pilot detects a change to the flight path and returns it to the original attitude ?
Inner loop control
92
What does the outer loop control send to the inner loop control ?
“ tells “ it to move the control surface.
93
Whats the two types of feedback ?
Position feedback
Speed feedback
94
Whats the difference between Autothrottle and auto thrust ?
Autothrottle
- adjusts throttle position and mechanical linkages to the engines ( physically moves throttle levers )
- used throughout all flight
Auto thrust
- delivers signal to the FADEC computer of the engine which produces thrust but doesn’t physically move the levers.
95
Whats modulation ?
When a audio frequency is placed on a carrier frequency
96
Whats VHF used for ?
Short range communication ( line of sight )
97
What affects HF ?
Ionosphere
Light
98
Where is the HF aerial ?
Vertical stabiliser
99
Whats service inter phone ?
Intercom between flight crew and ground staff which only works on the ground due to a weight on wheel switch isolating the circuit on take-off
100
Whats the priority of Passenger Address system from 1st to 4th ?
1- pilots
2- cabin crew
3- prerecorded announcements
4- boarding music
101
What VHF transmits ACARS ?
VHF 3 ( C )
102
What does the ATU ( antenna tuning unit ) ?
Electrically tune the length of the antenna
103
How many HF systems do u need on a long haul aircraft and short haul aircraft ?
Long haul - 2.
Short haul - 1.
104
Where is the HF rod aerial located ?
Trailing edge of wing tip or top of fin
105
Where is the HF notch aerial located ?
Leading edge of fin
106
Where is the HF wire aerial located ?
Forward end of upper fuselage
107
What does SELCAL mean ?
Selective calling
108
Whats the purpose for selective calling ?
Tells pilot a ground station wants to contact them on a radio which makes continuous monitoring of. A radio unnecessary.
109
What is the range of letters used for a SELCAL code ?
A - M
110
What systems does SELCAL use ?
HF
VHF
111
What is SATCOM ?
Communication between aircraft and ground through most the world
112
What happens to information which is sent to the aircraft which could be confidential ?
Must encrypt it
113
Does SATCOM work for passengers ?
Yes. It also encrypts all passenger information
114
what does the beam steering unit do ?
Points antennas towards satellite
( uses ADIRU to locate aircraft position which then finds nearest satellite and points towards it. )
115
Whats the main components of SATCOM ?
Satellite
AES
GES
116
What is ACARS ?
It’s Automatic and manual
Transmits data from aircraft to the aircraft’s operations centre as well as the aircraft manufacture and engine manufacture
117
What system does ACARS use ?
VHF on land
HF over sea
118
Where are the flight data recorders located ( back box )?
Behind rear pressure bulk head and are coloured orange
119
What does the underwater locator beacon ( which is part of the black box ) have a frequency of ?
37.5 KHZ
120
How many flight hours can the black box hold
Last 25 hours of flight.
121
What temp can a black box withstand ?
Over 1000 degrees
122
What did MH370s disappearance have an impact on black boxes ?
Extended battery life of underwater locator beacon which now lasts for 90 days
123
What switches on the black box ?
Engine oil pressure switch or airspeed signal. ( which shows the aircraft is moving )
124
How many channels does a black box have and record ?
Cockpit
Captain
First officer
Passenger audio
125
Explain a eject flight data recorder ?
Sits flush with skin and will eject in the event of “major structural deformation “
126
What an emergency locator transmitter ?
Locates plane after crash by transmitting a signal every 50 seconds in a frequency of 406.025 mhz for 24 hours
127
Whats the 3 types of ELTs ?
Fixed
Fixed/portable
Portable
128
When does the ELT beacon go off ?
If the aircraft hits water
If aircraft gets into a high G dive
129
What mode must a ELT be set to in flight ?
Armed
130
How does the aircraft locate its start point ?
ADIRU saves where the aircraft is when it’s powered down and started up.
131
What does DME measure ?
SLANT RANGE ( hypotenuse )
132
Is a nautical mile more than a normal mile ?
Yes
133
What information do you get from a ground based radio beacons in regards to a ADF and VOR ?
Relative Bearing
134
Whats an automatic direction finding ( ADF ) ?
Determines relative bearing of a aircraft to a ground station or beacon
( operates In medium range ( KHZ )
135
Whats another word for ADF station ?
NDB - non directional beacons
136
What is ADF used for ?
En-route navigation
137
Explain how a VOR works ?
Works like a light house but Rather than a rotating light it sends out a directional radio signal.
138
How can you calculate relative bearing in VOR ?
Phase difference between two signals produced
139
What does DME stand for ?
Distance measuring equipment
140
How does a DME work ?
Sends interrogation which is received by aircraft and sent back which it then calculates the distance between eachother
141
Is the glide slope automatically tuned when you select the Localiser ?
Yes
142
When will the VOR automatically switch to the ILS ?
When the even VOR signal picks up the odd ILS signal
143
Whats a marker beacon system ?
Indicates to flight crew that the aircraft is passing over a location such as point along the Instrument landing path
144
Whats the 3 colours ( marker beacon system ) which show up on the PFD showing you how far away from the runway and what each colour means ?
Blue - outer marker
Amber - middle marker
White - inner marker
145
What does an aircraft’s primary radar detect ?
Objects in its airspace
( operates by radio wave reflection )
146
When would you use a primary radar ?
Weather radar
Radio altimeter
ATC surveillance radar
147
What does an aircraft’s secondary radar track ?
Other aircraft
148
When would you use a secondary radar ?
ATC transponder
TCAS
DME
149
What will TCAS provide ?
Traffic advisory’s
Resolution advisory’s
150
What operating modes does TCAS detect the presence of intruders ?
Mode C or S transponders
151
Whats the maximum height a radio altimeter works at ?
2500
152
How many radio altimeter antennas are there ?
2
Located underside of fuselage
153
How many satellites are needed for 3D NAV ?
4
154
Where is the main master control station located ?
Colorado Springs
155
What does the ADIRU use data from FMC to do ?
Locate aircraft position
Calibrate gyros and accelerometers
156
Whats FANS ( future air navigation system ) ?
Allows aircraft other than fly with less turns and more direct
157
What is controlled flight into terrain ( CFIT ) ?
When aircraft is functioning properly but still crashes into the rising terrain.
158
What does the GPWS provide to the pilot ?
Visual and audible warning of aircraft’s closeness to the terrain
159
Why does the GPWS not sound when landing an aircraft where you are becoming closer and closer to the ground ?
As having flaps and landing gear extended stop warnings
160
What does the EGPWS give which GWPS doesn’t ?
Marks terrain on pilots display
161
How many modes does GPWS have ?
6
162
How many modes does EGPWS have ?
7
163
How often is the FMS updated ?
28 days
