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M11 > 11.5 > Flashcards

11.5 Flashcards

1
Q

If flying IFR, shall the captains and first officers flight instruments be linked or have separate systems ?

A

Separate, incase of a failure the other side has live instruments.

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2
Q

Whats a PFD also known as ?

A

EADI
Electronic attitude direction indicator

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3
Q

Whats a ND also known as ?

A

Electronic horizontal situation indicator ( EHSI )

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4
Q

Whats 1013.25 HPA equivalent to in mercury ?

A

29.92 inches of mercury

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5
Q

What 3 main instruments work off of pressure ?

A

VSI
ALT
ASI

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6
Q

For every 1000ft increase in altitude, how much does the temperature decrease by ?

A

-2 degrees

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7
Q

What the Average temp at sea level ?

A

15 degrees

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8
Q

What pressure does the altimeter connect to ?

A

Static pressure

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9
Q

At 18,000 ft, what’s the pressure difference in a percentage to the pressure at sea level ?

A

50% less than at sea level.

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10
Q

Where is the static pressure being fed to on an altimeter ?

A

Sealed case.

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11
Q

What does a transducer do ?

A

Takes analog signal and transfers it into an electrical signal.

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12
Q

Explain the function of an air data computer ( ADC ) ?

A

Sends signal to ground which is sent back up to the plane which determines the altitude
( transducer )

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13
Q

What pressure is airspeed indicator connected to ?

A

Static and dynamic ( pitot ) pressure

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14
Q

Note - bellows at high speed expanded and at low speed are compressed in the instruments

A
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15
Q

On a VSI, what is the qualitative and quantitive ?

A

Qualitative - colour arc
Quantitive - number arc

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16
Q

How does a VSI work ?

A

Under a calibrated metering unit and fed from static pressure input

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17
Q

What does a Mach meter measure ?

A

Measures speed of aircraft to the speed of sound.

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18
Q

Where will standard air temp and outside air temp be the same ?

A

On the ground

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19
Q

How are pitot heads connected to ASI ?

A

Through pipes made from plastic metal or rubber

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20
Q

Whats the difference between the measured and real static pressure called ?

A

Static source error

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21
Q

What causes static source error ?

A

Fuselage shape
Angle of attack
( corrected by ADC )

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22
Q

Where are static ports located ?

A

Away from direct airflow

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23
Q

Whats a IRU ?

A

Inershia reference unit
- talks to the ADC

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24
Q

Whats a combined IRU and ADC called ?

A

ADIRU

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25
Q

If aircraft is in a side slip, how will this affect the static ports ?

A

Give incorrect readings so there are static ports applied on both sides which are connected and when the aircraft is in a slip, it takes the average from them both

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26
Q

What should a certified IFR aircraft have ?

A

Duplicate instrument system, supplied by different pitot and static system.

  • safety improvement - installation of a static selector valve to allow he pilot to use the co-pilots static pressure system incase of a failure in his
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27
Q

What does a radio altimeter measure ?

A

Distance of an aircraft above the ground rather than sea level.

( sends signal to grounds and measures the speed of the pulse back up to the plane which tells you the altitude )

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28
Q

Explain an encoding altimeter ?

A

Electronic pressure sensor that sends a digital code to the aircraft’s ATC transponder.

Gives ATC info about who you are and how high you are

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29
Q

What principle does a servo motor work under ?

A

E & I bar

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30
Q

Whats installed into an instantaneous vertical speed indicator to give a instant reading ?

A

Dashpot

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31
Q

How long does it take for a Gyro to run down ?

A

20 minutes

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32
Q

What gyro is to be used for the attitude director indicator ( pitch ) ?

A

Vertical gyro

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33
Q

What gyro is used for a horizontal situation indicator ?

A

Directional gyro ( horizontal gyro )

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34
Q

What gyro is used for the rate of turn indication ?

A

Rate gyro

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35
Q

What gyro does an electronic flight instrument system use ?

A

Electronic gyro or lazar gyros

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36
Q

What is a gyro ?

A

Rotating mass that keeps the direction of its axis constant.

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37
Q

What 3 factors give a gyro stability ?

A

It’s mass
Rotational speed * more used on aircraft
Distance between axis

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38
Q

How are gyros fixed ?

A

Using a gimbal

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39
Q

What will dictate the degrees of freedom on a gyro ?

A

Number of gimbles it has

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40
Q

For every gamble added to a gyroscope, how many degrees of movement is added ?

A

1 degrees every 1 gimble

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41
Q

How many degrees of freedom does an earth gyro have ?

A

2 degrees
( constrained by earths gravity )

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42
Q

How many degrees of freedom does a rate gyro have ?

A

1
( when constrained by screens, it will have 1 and a half degrees of freedom

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43
Q

What does the word rigidity mean ?

A

Gyroscopes ability to maintain its axis while pointing in a fixed direction.

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44
Q

Whats gyroscopic wander ?

A

Any deviation from its fixed direction.

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45
Q

How many degrees Does a fixed gyro have to be compensated for every hour ?

A

15 degrees

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46
Q

Whats real wander ?

A

Actual movement of the spin axis caused by engineering imperfections ( friction / unbalanced )

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47
Q

Whats a torque motor used for in a gyroscope ?

A

To level it out and return it to the centre

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48
Q

What generates the airflow on a pneumatic drive / gyro ?

A

Vacuum or suction

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49
Q

Whats the two types of levelling switches used on gyros ?

A

Electrolytic switch
Mercury switch

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50
Q

What does a pendulum do on an air driven gyro ?

A

Generates erection force using the airflow to keep the axis of the gyro vertical

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51
Q

Whats an advantage of using a lazar gyro ?

A

No moving parts

Less maintenance

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52
Q

What gyro does a direction indicator have ?

A

Horizontal gyro

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53
Q

What powers turn and slip indicators ?

A

DC

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54
Q

What gyro is used in a tween indicator ?

A

Rate gyro

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55
Q

How many degrees does a rate gyro have of freedom ?

A

1.5 degrees

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56
Q

Why is a standby compass screened ?

A

To stop magnetic fields interfering

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57
Q

Whats variation the difference between ?

A

Difference between magnetic heading and true heading

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58
Q

Whats the difference between magnetic and true north ?

A

Variation

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59
Q

What heading does all navigation equipment base themselves on ?

A

Magnetic heading

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60
Q

Why don’t aircraft fly over the north and South Pole directly ?

A

As the instruments will become unusable due to inclination

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61
Q

Where should magnetic direction indicator be installed ?

A

Installed somewhere that its accuracy I not excessively affected by the aeroplanes vibrations or magnetic fields

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62
Q

Explain hard iron magnetism and soft iron magnetism ?

A

Hard - permanently magnetised and difficult to de-magnetise

Soft - temporary magnetism

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63
Q

What does the lubber line show on a standby direction indicator ?

A

Shows heading

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64
Q

Why is the standby direction indicator filled with fluid ?

A

To dampen to scale movements

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65
Q

What the expansion unit used for in a standby direction Indicator ?

A

Compensates for fluid expansion caused by temp changes.

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66
Q

When does a standby direction compass work the best ?

A

When wings are level

67
Q

What the purpose for a compass deviation card ?

A

For the pilot to make adjustments to compass in air

68
Q

What does a magnetic flux do ?

A

Transmits directions to aircraft systems regarding its orientation relative to the earths magnetic field fields

69
Q

What sets off the stall warner ?

A

When exceeding the Alfa max

70
Q

How many knots should the stall warner operate above the stall speed ?

A

5kts or 5% above stall speed

71
Q

What changes the Alfa max ?

A

Config of aircraft

72
Q

Whats the advantage of using glass screens to analog instruments ?

A

—Clear and colourful
—Gives precise values
—Can display different images in case u loose data on one display
—less space
—easier maintenance

73
Q

What does the PFD show ?

A

-airspeed
-attitude
-heading
-altitude
-vertical speed
-flight mode annunciation
-radio altitude
-flight guidance cues

74
Q

What does the ND show ?

A

-VOR modes
-approach modes
-map modes ( arc,rose )
-PLAN mode

75
Q

What does the WD show ( warning display )

A

-EICAS & ECAM
-warnings
-cautions
-advisories
-communication messages
-memos

76
Q

What busses transmit data to EFIS ?

A

ARINC429/629

77
Q

What two modes is weather data only present on screen ?

A

In expanded VOR and ILS modes

( not on full VOR and ILS modes )

78
Q

What does the EADI ( PFD ) test display do ?

A

Indicates a “OK” or a “FAIL” in case a faulty LRU is identified.

Symbol colours light up a those used in normal operation which allows you to detect and discolour or incorrect readings.

79
Q

What are the colour of the 3 electron guns ?

A

Blue
Green
Red
( mix guns to get other colours on the display )

80
Q

What’s the purpose for autopilot ?

A

Reduces human error
Impaired judgement
Reduce pilots work load

81
Q

How many methods should be available for the crew to disengage autopilot ?

A

2

82
Q

Whats the use for the flight director system ?

A

Computes pitch and bank angles required in order for the aircraft to follow a selected path found on the PFD

83
Q

What counteracts Dutch role ?

A

Yaw damper
- operational for whole flight
- deflects flight control surface in opposite direction

84
Q

Whats flight envelope protection ?

A

Prevents abnormal conditions during autopilot flight

85
Q

What is the purpose of a flight management system ?

A

Carry’s out performance calculations for flight performance

86
Q

Does auto throttle move the quadrant ?

A

NO !!@

( controlled by the FADEC )

87
Q

What’s the two types of auto pilot channels ?

A

Duplex system
Triplex system

88
Q

How many lanes does a duplex system operate in ?

A

Two lanes

89
Q

How many lanes does a triplex system operate in ?

A

Three lanes

90
Q

Whats a closed loop system ?

A

When a command is placed and it sends feedback to show that the command has been achieved

91
Q

What is it called when the auto pilot detects a change to the flight path and returns it to the original attitude ?

A

Inner loop control

92
Q

What does the outer loop control send to the inner loop control ?

A

“ tells “ it to move the control surface.

93
Q

Whats the two types of feedback ?

A

Position feedback

Speed feedback

94
Q

Whats the difference between Autothrottle and auto thrust ?

A

Autothrottle
- adjusts throttle position and mechanical linkages to the engines ( physically moves throttle levers )
- used throughout all flight

Auto thrust
- delivers signal to the FADEC computer of the engine which produces thrust but doesn’t physically move the levers.

95
Q

Whats modulation ?

A

When a audio frequency is placed on a carrier frequency

96
Q

Whats VHF used for ?

A

Short range communication ( line of sight )

97
Q

What affects HF ?

A

Ionosphere
Light

98
Q

Where is the HF aerial ?

A

Vertical stabiliser

99
Q

Whats service inter phone ?

A

Intercom between flight crew and ground staff which only works on the ground due to a weight on wheel switch isolating the circuit on take-off

100
Q

Whats the priority of Passenger Address system from 1st to 4th ?

A

1- pilots
2- cabin crew
3- prerecorded announcements
4- boarding music

101
Q

What VHF transmits ACARS ?

A

VHF 3 ( C )

102
Q

What does the ATU ( antenna tuning unit ) ?

A

Electrically tune the length of the antenna

103
Q

How many HF systems do u need on a long haul aircraft and short haul aircraft ?

A

Long haul - 2.

Short haul - 1.

104
Q

Where is the HF rod aerial located ?

A

Trailing edge of wing tip or top of fin

105
Q

Where is the HF notch aerial located ?

A

Leading edge of fin

106
Q

Where is the HF wire aerial located ?

A

Forward end of upper fuselage

107
Q

What does SELCAL mean ?

A

Selective calling

108
Q

Whats the purpose for selective calling ?

A

Tells pilot a ground station wants to contact them on a radio which makes continuous monitoring of. A radio unnecessary.

109
Q

What is the range of letters used for a SELCAL code ?

A

A - M

110
Q

What systems does SELCAL use ?

A

HF

VHF

111
Q

What is SATCOM ?

A

Communication between aircraft and ground through most the world

112
Q

What happens to information which is sent to the aircraft which could be confidential ?

A

Must encrypt it

113
Q

Does SATCOM work for passengers ?

A

Yes. It also encrypts all passenger information

114
Q

what does the beam steering unit do ?

A

Points antennas towards satellite

( uses ADIRU to locate aircraft position which then finds nearest satellite and points towards it. )

115
Q

Whats the main components of SATCOM ?

A

Satellite
AES
GES

116
Q

What is ACARS ?

A

It’s Automatic and manual

Transmits data from aircraft to the aircraft’s operations centre as well as the aircraft manufacture and engine manufacture

117
Q

What system does ACARS use ?

A

VHF on land
HF over sea

118
Q

Where are the flight data recorders located ( back box )?

A

Behind rear pressure bulk head and are coloured orange

119
Q

What does the underwater locator beacon ( which is part of the black box ) have a frequency of ?

A

37.5 KHZ

120
Q

How many flight hours can the black box hold

A

Last 25 hours of flight.

121
Q

What temp can a black box withstand ?

A

Over 1000 degrees

122
Q

What did MH370s disappearance have an impact on black boxes ?

A

Extended battery life of underwater locator beacon which now lasts for 90 days

123
Q

What switches on the black box ?

A

Engine oil pressure switch or airspeed signal. ( which shows the aircraft is moving )

124
Q

How many channels does a black box have and record ?

A

Cockpit
Captain
First officer
Passenger audio

125
Q

Explain a eject flight data recorder ?

A

Sits flush with skin and will eject in the event of “major structural deformation “

126
Q

What an emergency locator transmitter ?

A

Locates plane after crash by transmitting a signal every 50 seconds in a frequency of 406.025 mhz for 24 hours

127
Q

Whats the 3 types of ELTs ?

A

Fixed
Fixed/portable
Portable

128
Q

When does the ELT beacon go off ?

A

If the aircraft hits water

If aircraft gets into a high G dive

129
Q

What mode must a ELT be set to in flight ?

A

Armed

130
Q

How does the aircraft locate its start point ?

A

ADIRU saves where the aircraft is when it’s powered down and started up.

131
Q

What does DME measure ?

A

SLANT RANGE ( hypotenuse )

132
Q

Is a nautical mile more than a normal mile ?

A

Yes

133
Q

What information do you get from a ground based radio beacons in regards to a ADF and VOR ?

A

Relative Bearing

134
Q

Whats an automatic direction finding ( ADF ) ?

A

Determines relative bearing of a aircraft to a ground station or beacon

( operates In medium range ( KHZ )

135
Q

Whats another word for ADF station ?

A

NDB - non directional beacons

136
Q

What is ADF used for ?

A

En-route navigation

137
Q

Explain how a VOR works ?

A

Works like a light house but Rather than a rotating light it sends out a directional radio signal.

138
Q

How can you calculate relative bearing in VOR ?

A

Phase difference between two signals produced

139
Q

What does DME stand for ?

A

Distance measuring equipment

140
Q

How does a DME work ?

A

Sends interrogation which is received by aircraft and sent back which it then calculates the distance between eachother

141
Q

Is the glide slope automatically tuned when you select the Localiser ?

A

Yes

142
Q

When will the VOR automatically switch to the ILS ?

A

When the even VOR signal picks up the odd ILS signal

143
Q

Whats a marker beacon system ?

A

Indicates to flight crew that the aircraft is passing over a location such as point along the Instrument landing path

144
Q

Whats the 3 colours ( marker beacon system ) which show up on the PFD showing you how far away from the runway and what each colour means ?

A

Blue - outer marker
Amber - middle marker
White - inner marker

145
Q

What does an aircraft’s primary radar detect ?

A

Objects in its airspace
( operates by radio wave reflection )

146
Q

When would you use a primary radar ?

A

Weather radar
Radio altimeter
ATC surveillance radar

147
Q

What does an aircraft’s secondary radar track ?

A

Other aircraft

148
Q

When would you use a secondary radar ?

A

ATC transponder
TCAS
DME

149
Q

What will TCAS provide ?

A

Traffic advisory’s
Resolution advisory’s

150
Q

What operating modes does TCAS detect the presence of intruders ?

A

Mode C or S transponders

151
Q

Whats the maximum height a radio altimeter works at ?

A

2500

152
Q

How many radio altimeter antennas are there ?

A

2
Located underside of fuselage

153
Q

How many satellites are needed for 3D NAV ?

A

4

154
Q

Where is the main master control station located ?

A

Colorado Springs

155
Q

What does the ADIRU use data from FMC to do ?

A

Locate aircraft position

Calibrate gyros and accelerometers

156
Q

Whats FANS ( future air navigation system ) ?

A

Allows aircraft other than fly with less turns and more direct

157
Q

What is controlled flight into terrain ( CFIT ) ?

A

When aircraft is functioning properly but still crashes into the rising terrain.

158
Q

What does the GPWS provide to the pilot ?

A

Visual and audible warning of aircraft’s closeness to the terrain

159
Q

Why does the GPWS not sound when landing an aircraft where you are becoming closer and closer to the ground ?

A

As having flaps and landing gear extended stop warnings

160
Q

What does the EGPWS give which GWPS doesn’t ?

A

Marks terrain on pilots display

161
Q

How many modes does GPWS have ?

A

6

162
Q

How many modes does EGPWS have ?

A

7

163
Q

How often is the FMS updated ?

A

28 days

M11 (22 decks)

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