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M11 > 11.1 > Flashcards

11.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the 3 axis on an aircraft and Whats there positions ?

A

Lateral axis - wing tip to win tip
Longitudinal axis - nose to tail
Vertical axis - bottom of aircraft to top.

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2
Q

Whats the three moments an aircraft has ?

A

Roll - longitudinal axis
Pitch - lateral axis
Yaw - vertical axis

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3
Q

Whats the three primary flight controls ?

A

Ailerons
Elevators
Rudder

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4
Q

What’s the two types of control surfaces ?

A

Primary
Secondary

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5
Q

Whats a stabilator a combination of ?

A

Stabiliser and elevator.
( found on high speed aircraft to produce rapid manoeuvrability )
( sometimes referd to as a slab tail )

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6
Q

What plane does the variable incidence stabilisers stabilise ?

A

Longitudinal plane ( lateral axis )

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7
Q

What does a canards configuration influence on the flight controls ?

A

Greater pitch control
Stability
Stall prevention
Higher angle of attack
Control redundancy
Lift and trim

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8
Q

What reduces the rudder deflection ?

A

Aircraft speed
( E.G - rudder can rotate 25 degrees maximum on ground but only 5 degrees maximum in the air )

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9
Q

Whats the 3 preventions for adverse yaw ?

A

Spoilers
Ailerons differential
Frise ailerons

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10
Q

Whats a elevon ?

A

Control surface for roll ( ailerons ) and pitch ( elevator) is combined.
( found on delta - wing aircraft. )
( used on Concorde )

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11
Q

Whats a ruddervator ?

A

Used for pitch ( elevator ) control surface and yaw ( rudder ) control surface.
( found on V-shaped tailed aircraft )

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12
Q

What are secondary flight controls used for ?

A

Increases amount of lift or drag produced by the wing

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13
Q

Whats secondary flight controls are on the leading edge of the wing ?

A

Slats
Slots
Leading edge flaps ( Krüger )

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14
Q

What secondary flight controls are on the trailing edge of the wing ?

A

Flaps
Spoilers

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15
Q

Why is a secondary control system used mainly on the takeoff and landing ?

A

Reduce stall speed when landing
Increase drags when landing
Increase lift when taking off

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16
Q

Whats the difference between a slat and a slot ?

A

Slots are fixed into position where as slats is a movable surface.

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17
Q

What does slots and slats do to the flow separation ?

A

They delay it.

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18
Q

Whats the purpose of leading edge flaps ?

A

Greatly increase wing camber and lift.
( extends camber of wing )

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19
Q

Whats a leading edge droop designed for ?

A

To improve airflow over wing at high angle of attack.
( increases camber causing increase In lift )
( reduces stalling speeds )

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20
Q

What’s different between leading edge droop and slats ?

A

Entire leading edge section rotates downwards on a droop rather than than just extending outwards like a slat.

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21
Q

Whats a flaperon a combination of ?

A

Flaps and ailerons.

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22
Q

Are drag devices primary or secondary flight control surfaces ?

A

Secondary.

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23
Q

What the three functions of spoilers ?

A

Flight spoilers ( speed brakes )
Ground spoilers ( lift dumpers )
Roll spoilers.

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24
Q

What does speed brakes do ?

A

Increase the drag
( THEY DO NOTHING TO THE LIFT )

25
Q

What danger comes if the tip stalls first on a swept wing aircraft ?

A

Approaching stall speed gives little to no warning to the pilot and controls may not be operational e.g ailerons ( which are located near the tip )

26
Q

What’s the purpose of a wing fence ?

A

Reduces effects of spanwise flow and helps reduce wing tips stalling.

27
Q

What does a vortex generator do ?

A

Re - energise slow moving boundary layer.
( Placed ontop of wing. )

28
Q

Whats the use of a stall wedge ?

A

Forces root to stall first
( minimises the risk of spinning and allowing maximum aileron control throughout the stall. )
( also gives pilot warning of the stall due to the turbulence created at wing root )

29
Q

Where are trim tabs located ?

A

Trailing edge of primary flight controls
( hinged surface )

30
Q

Is a trim tab primary or secondary flight control ?

A

Secondary flight control

31
Q

Whats the purpose of a balance tab ?

A

Assists commanded movements by changing the camber of control surface.
( when control surface is deflected, the tab moves in opposite direction )

32
Q

Is a servo tab used for low, high or all speeds ?

A

All speeds
( tab moves in opposite direction tot he flight controls its attached to )

33
Q

Explain a spring tab ?

A

Same as a servo tab but only operates when the force on a control surface reaches a certain value.

34
Q

What does anti-balance tabs give to. The movement of a control surface ?

A

Greater resistance.

35
Q

Whats the difference to horn balance and insert line ?

A

Horn balance you add a part to the component to balance it an insert you shift the hinge back further to balance two parts either side of it.

36
Q

Whats the equation for Mach number ?

A

M = velocity of object (V)
—————————-
Speed of sound (a)

37
Q

What range of speed is an aircraft in if the Mach number is bellow 0.8 ?

A

Subsonic

38
Q

What speed range is an aircraft if the Mach number is from 0.8 to 1.2 ?

A

Transonic

39
Q

What range of speed is an aircraft in with a Mach number from 1.2 to 5.0 ?

A

Supersonic

40
Q

explain subsonic flight ?

A

-Aircraft is subsonic when its operating at speeds bellow the speed of sound
-ranges in speeds of Mach 0 - 0.8
-air when subsonic is incompressible

41
Q

Explain transonic flight ?

A

-combination of subsonic and supersonic airflow
-forms shock waves ( 0 degrees to airflow )
-poses stability challenges
-

42
Q

Explain supersonic flight ?

A

-spans from Mach 1.2 to 5.0 ( anything above Mach 5.0 is considered hypersonic )
-shockwave created over aircraft’s wing during transonic flight moves to the rear ( trailing edge )
-air is compressible
-reduction in coefficient lift and increase in drag

43
Q

What two regions do shock waves form in ?

A

Transonic
Supersonic

44
Q

Whats the two types of shock waves ?

A

Normal shockwave - when air barrier is formed perpendicular to the air flow.
Oblique shockwave - ai barrier is formed at angle other than 90 degrees.

45
Q

What happens to the velocity of the airflow when supersonic air Passes through normal shockwave ?

A

It drops.

46
Q

What happens to the pressure of the airflow when supersonic air passes through normal shockwave ?

A

Increases

47
Q

What happens to the density of the airflow to supersonic air when passing through a normal shockwave ?

A

Increases

48
Q

Whats different to the supersonic airflow which passes through a normal shockwave to an oblique shockwave ?

A

Supersonic airflow passing through normal shockwave changes to subsonic whereas supersonic airflow passing through oblique shockwave stays supersonic.

49
Q

What happens to the velocity of supersonic airflow which passes through an expansion wave ?

A

The velocity increases

50
Q

What happens to the pressure and density of supersonic airflow when passing through an expansion wave ?

A

Pressure and density decrease

51
Q

Where is the centre of pressure located on an airfoil In subsonic aircraft ?

A

25% of the cord from the leading edge.

52
Q

Where is the centre of pressure located on an airfoil on a supersonic aircraft ?

A

50% of the cord from the leading edge.

53
Q

What happens to the location that a normal shockwave forms On an airfoil when the aircraft’s speed increases ?

A

As the speed increase the location at which the shockwave forms on the airfoil travels towards the trailing edge ( rear of wing ) and begins to also form underneath the aircraft’s wing.

54
Q

Whats the two ways to reduce wave drag ?

A

Using vortex generators
Applying the area rule

55
Q

What is aerodynamic heating ?

A

When the air hits the stagnation point on the aerofoil which causes the velocity and energy to decrease to 0 which heats the material.

56
Q

What can an aircraft’s compressor not withstand and how is this fixed ?

A

Cannot withstand supersonic airflow so a normal shockwave must be created in the intake which converts it to subsonic.

57
Q

Whats the 4 designs used to change supersonic airflow into subsonic airflow ?

A

Normal shock diffuser
Oblique shock inlet
Variable supersonic inlet
C,D ducts

58
Q

Whats the most common swept back angle for an aircraft’s wing ?

A

30 degrees

M11 (22 decks)

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