1.1.5 Flashcards
Genes
A set of instructions for a specific protein. Example: a hormone, an enzyme, hair color pigment.
Genome
All the DNA in one organism. The entire set of instructions for building an organism. Every organism has a unique genome.
Eukaryote Cells
In humans/plants/animals/fungi, has a cell wall, nucleus and mitochondria. Are organelles, DNA is held in the nucleus.
Prokaryote Cells
In bacteria, has a cell wall and nucleoid. Are membrane bound organelles. DNA is held in the nucleoid.
Chromosomes in a human
46 and 23 pairs
Do red blood cells have DNA?
No, DNA from blood is in the white blood cells.
Where can DNA be extracted?
Root of the hair, Bone, Body parts even when in preservatives, Clothes even when washed, Saliva, Blood, Semen and vaginal secretions, Breast milk, Sweat
What is the first step of PCR?
Denaturation, complimentary DNA strands are seperated.
What is the second step of PCR?
Two annealing primers attach themselves to each end of the target sequence.
What is the third step of PCR?
Extension, taq polymerase adds to bases to build new DNA strands.
What is PCR?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
What does PCR do?
Make copies of DNA from only a small amount.
What materials are needed for PCR?
Deoxyribo nucleotides, heat stable enzyme (taq polymerase), buffer, DNA primer
Where is PCR done?
Thermal cycler
Restriction Endonucleases
A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at restriction sites.
Recognition Sites
A sequence of DNA were a restriction enzyme cuts.
Restriction Enzymes
The process of cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces.
What are the DNA base pairs?
- Cytosine and Guanine
- Adenine and Thymine
What charge does DNA have and where does it come from?
A negative charge, it comes from deoxyribonucleic acid.
Nucleotide
Building block of DNA, which consists of a sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
What are nitrogenous bases?
ATGC Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
What are the base pairs?
Adenine, Thymine
Cytosine, Guanine
How is DNA stored in the body?
Cell > Nucleus > Chromosome > Histones > DNA > Gene > Base Pairs
PCR does what to DNA?
It doubles it.
Where do restriction enzymes come from?
Bacteria that lives in hot springs. The enzyme can withstand boiling temperatures. The bacteria uses this enzyme to withstand bacterial viruses. The enzyme prevents duplication of virus DNA by cutting it into pieces.
Blunt Ends
When a piece of DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme and the cut does not leave pieces hanging out.
Sticky Ends
When a piece of DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme and the cut has parts hanging off the size, like a puzzle piece.
EcoR1
G|AATTC
CTTAA|G
Haelll
GG|CC
CC|GG
Hindlll
A|AGCTT
TTCGA|A
