110 TACTICAL MEASURES FUNDAMENTALS

Question 1

Explain unaided day and night observation techniques.

Answer 1

Avoid ALL Unnecessary Movement
Search Fields of View
Preserve Night Vision
Enhancing Hearing

Question 2

explain Avoid ALL Unnecessary Movement

Answer 2

Remain motionless while observing. Anything in motion attracts the eye.
Use all available concealment because it offers a low silhouette and makes
detection by the enemy difficult.
Expose nothing that reflects light.
Blend with the background because contrasting colors are noticeable.
Remain in the shade because moving shadows attract attention.
Distort or change the regular outline of objects. Most military objects have
distinctive shapes that make obvious shadows and silhouettes.
Avoid the skyline. Figures on the skyline can be seen from great distances
and are easily identified by their outlines.

Question 3

explain Search Fields of View

Answer 3

Off-center Vision Method
The technique of viewing an object using daytime central vision is ineffective
at night. This is due to the night blind spot that exists during low illumination.
Marines must learn to use off-center vision. This technique requires viewing
an object by looking 6 to 10 degrees above, below, or to either side of the
object rather than directly at it.

Scanning Method
Scanning enables the Marines to overcome many of the physiological
limitations of their eyes. It can also reduce confusing visual illusions. This
technique involves looking from right to left or left to right using a slow,
regular scanning movement as shown in figure 1. At night, it is essential to
avoid looking directly at a faintly visible object when trying to confirm its
presence.

Strip Method
In daylight, look first at the ground
nearest you. Begin observing close to
your post and search a narrow strip 50
meters or less deep, going from right to
left parallel to your front. Then search
from left to right a second and similar
strip farther away, but overlapping the
first. Continue to observe until the entire
field of view has been searched as
shown in the below figure.

Question 4

explain Preserve Night Vision

Answer 4

When entering a lighted area or observing in a temporarily lighted area such
as illumination and flares, one eye should be closed and covered to preserve
its night vision.
When the light goes off, fades, or the lighted area is exited, the night vision
retained by the protected eye enables it to see until the other eye adapts to
the darkness.
Red light helps preserve night vision, but like white light, it can be observed
at long distances.
Factors that decrease night visual acuity include fatigue, lack of oxygen, long
exposure to sunlight, alcohol, nicotine within the past 48 hours, and age.
When night vision has been attained, straining will not improve effectiveness;
however, practicing to identify objects at night will improve perception.

Question 5

explain Enhancing Hearing

Answer 5

Hearing is amplified with the mouth open.
Removing the helmet will reduce sound distortion.
By holding the ear close to the ground, sounds of people walking and
vehicles moving can be heard

Question 6

Define and discuss the intelligence information report (SALUTE).

Answer 6

Size and/or strength
Activity or actions
Location and direction of movement
Unit identification (The enemy unit may be derived from unit markings,
uniforms worn, or through prisoner interrogation
Time of observation
Equipment and weapons

Question 7

Define and discuss the five paragraphs of an Operations Order (SMEAC). S

Answer 7

Situation
Environment - weather, terrain, visibility, local population situation, and
behavior as they impact on the patrol and enemy forces.
Enemy Forces - consists of the composition, disposition, location, movement,
capabilities, and recent activities of the enemy forces.
Friendly Forces - a statement of the mission of the next higher unit, location
and mission of adjacent units, and mission of non-organic supporting units
that may affect the actions of the unit.
Attachments and Detachments - units attached to or detached from the patrol
by higher headquarters, including the effective time of attachment or
detachment.

Question 8

Define and discuss the five paragraphs of an Operations Order (SMEAC). M

Answer 8

A clear, concise statement of the task that the patrol must accomplish.

Question 9

Define and discuss the five paragraphs of an Operations Order (SMEAC). E

Answer 9

Execution
Concept of Operations - the patrol leader’s brief summary of the tactical plan
the patrol is to execute.
Task organization of the patrol.
Movement to the objective area to include navigation method.
Actions in the objective area.
The return movement to include navigation method.
Use of supporting forces, including illumination if required.
Subordinate Tasks (Missions). In each succeeding paragraph, missions are
assigned to each element and any attached units.
Coordinating Instructions. In the last paragraph, instructions that apply to two
or more subordinate elements, coordination of details, and control measures
applicable to the patrol as a whole.
Time of assembly in the assembly area.
Time of inspections and rehearsals that have not already been conducted.
Time of departure and estimated time of return.
Location of departure and re-entry of friendly lines,
Details on the primary and alternate routes to and from the objective area.
Details on formations and order of movement.
Rally points and actions at rally points.
Final preparation position and actions at this point.
Objective rally point and actions at this point.
Actions at danger areas/- Actions in the event of enemy contact.
Details on actions in the objective not covered elsewhere.
Estimate time of patrol debriefing upon return.

Question 10

Define and discuss the five paragraphs of an Operations Order (SMEAC).A

Answer 10

Administration and Logistics
Rations and ammunition
Location of the distribution point
Corpsman and aid station
Handling of prisoners of war
Other administrative and supply matters.

Question 11

Define and discuss the five paragraphs of an Operations Order (SMEAC).C

Answer 11

Command and Signal
Special instructions on communications (prearranged signals)
Password and countersign
Radio call signs and frequencies
Emergency signals
Radio procedures
Pyrotechnics
Restrictions on the use of communications
Location of patrol leader
Location of assistant patrol leader

Question 12

Discuss the following hand and arm signals:Column Formation

Answer 12

• Raise either arm to the vertical
  position. Drop the arm to the rear, describing complete
  circles in a vertical plane parallel to the body. The signal
  may be used to indicate either a troop or vehicular
  column.

Question 13

Discuss the following hand and arm signals:Echelon Left/Right -

Answer 13

The leader may give this signal
either facing towards or away from the unit. Extend one
arm 45 degrees below the horizontal, palms to the front.
The lower arm indicates the direction of echelon.
(Example: for echelon right, if the leader is facing in the
direction of the forward movement, the right arm is
lowered; if the leader is facing the unit, the left is
lowered.) Supplementary commands may be given to
ensure prompt and proper execution.

Question 14

Discuss the following hand and arm signals:Skirmishers Left/Right -

Answer 14

• Raise both arms lateral until
  horizontal, arms and hands extended palms down. If it is
  necessary to indicate a direction, move in the desired
  direction at the same time. When signaling for fire team
  skirmishers, indicate skirmishers right or left by moving the
  appropriate hand up and down.
  The appropriate hand does not depend on the direction the signaler is facing.
  Skirmishers left will always be indicated by moving the left hand up and down;
  skirmishers right, the right hand.

Question 15

Discuss the following hand and arm signals:wedge

Answer 15

Wedge Formation - Extend both arms downward and to
the side at an angle of 45 degrees below the horizontal,
palms to the front.

Question 16

Discuss the following hand and arm signals: Fire Team

Answer 16

Fire Team - The right arm should be placed diagonally
across the chest

Question 17

Discuss the following hand and arm signals: squad

Answer 17

Extend the hand and arm toward the squad leader,
palm of the hand down; distinctly move the hand up and
down several times from the wrist, holding the arm steady

Question 18

Discuss the following hand and arm signals:Platoon -

Answer 18

Extend both arms forward, palms of the hands
down toward the leaders (or units) for whom the signal is
intended, and describe large vertical circles with hands.

Question 19

Discuss the following hand and arm signals:Close Up

Answer 19

Start the signal with both arms extended
sideward, palms forward, and bring palms together in front
of the body momentarily. When repetition of this signal is
necessary, the arms are returned to the starting position by
movement along the front of the body

Question 20

Discuss the following hand and arm signals:Open Up/Extended

Answer 20

Open Up/Extended - Start the signal with the arms
extended in front of the body, palms together, and bring the
arms to the horizontal position at the sides, palms forward.
When repetition of this signal is necessary, the arms are
returned along the front of the body to the starting position
and the signal is repeated until understood.

Question 21

Discuss the following hand and arm signals:Halt/Stop

Answer 21

Halt/Stop - Carry the hand to the shoulder, palm to the front;
then thrust the hand upward vertically to the full extent of the
arm and hold it in that position until the signal is understood.

Question 22

Discuss the following hand and arm signals:Dismount/Take Cover

Answer 22

Dismount/Take Cover - Extend the arm sideward at an
angle of 45 degrees above the horizontal, palm down, and
lower it to side. Both arms may be used in giving this signal.
Repeat until understood.

Question 23

Discuss the following hand and arm signals:Hasty Ambush Left/Right

Answer 23

Hasty Ambush Left/Right - Raise fist to shoulder level and
thrust it several times in the desired direction.

Question 24

Define and discuss the acronym SAFE when constructing a fighting position.

Answer 24

S Security: Set up security before digging in.
A Automatic Weapons: Set up your automatic weapons so that they are
oriented to the most likely avenues of approach.
F Field of Fire: Clear your fields of fire.
E Entrenchment: Dig in your position.

Question 25

Discuss the characteristics of the following fighting positions:Individual Fighting Position

Answer 25

Individual Fighting Position
The size and shape of the fighting hole are affected by certain important
considerations. It is as small as practicable, exposing a minimum target to enemy
fire; wide enough to accommodate the
shoulders of a man sitting on the fire step;
long enough to permit use of an
entrenching tool; and at least 4 feet deep to
the fire step. The Marine should be able to
aim and fire his or her weapon when
standing on the fire step.

Question 26

Discuss the characteristics of the following fighting positions:Two-man Fighting Position

Answer 26

Two-man Fighting Position
The two-man fighting hole consists
essentially of two adjacent one-man fighting
holes. In most types of soil, the fighting hole
gives protection against the crushing action
of tanks provided the occupant crouches at
least 2 feet below the ground surface. In
sandy or soft soils, it is necessary to revert
the sides to prevent caving in. The soil is
piled around the hole as a parapet,
approximately 3-feet thick and ½-foot high,
leaving a berm or shelf wide enough for the Marine to use as an elbow rest while
firing. If turf or topsoil is used to camouflage the parapet, the Marine first removes
sufficient ground cover and sets it aside until the fighting hole is completed. Once
complete, the ground cover can then be laid on the top and side of the parapet so
that it will better blend in with surrounding ground. As shown in figure 1.

Question 27

Dos and Don’ts of afighting positions:

Answer 27

Do not disturb the natural concealment around your position while digging.
Avoid creating fresh paths near the position.
Use old paths or vary the route to and from the position.
Camouflage the path if necessary.
Marines at their fighting positions dig fighting holes.
Fighting holes provide excellent protection against small arms fire, shell
fragments, airplane strafing’s or bombings, the effects of nuclear detonations,
and the crushing action of tanks.
If not prescribed by higher authority, the squad leader will designate either
one- or two-man fighting holes.
The type of fighting hole used is based upon squad strength, fields of fire,
size of squad sector of fire, and morale.

Question 28

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a two-man fighting hole.[

Answer 28

Disadvantages
Since it is longer than the one-man type, the two-man fighting hole offers
somewhat less protection against a tank crossing along the long axis, as well as
less protection against strafing, bombing, and shell fragments.
Advantages
It allows continuous observation, mutual assistance and reassurance, and the
redistribution of ammunition between the occupants.

Question 29

Discuss the Armor Protection Level system.

Answer 29

The intent of creating the Armor Protection Levels (APLS) is to enable
commanders to tailor protective postures based on their estimate of the situation
and/or based on guidance from service/joint/theater combatant commanders. The
Marine Corps recognizes the operational requirement to move away from the onesize-fits-all approach in dealing with ballistic protection. Unit commanders must rely
instead on mission analysis and military judgment in making critical decisions
which affect the personal protective posture of their Marines, and take advantage
of the full scalability that the family of Marine Corps personal protective equipment
provides. The following APLS are established and apply to all Marine Corps issued
body armor sets, including, but not limited to the Modular Tactical Vest (MTV),
Outer Tactical Vest (OTV), Plate Carrier (PC), and Full-Spectrum Battle Equipment
(FSBE).

Question 30

identify equipment worn for the following APLs: 0-3

Answer 30

APL Description
Level 0 No Body Armor Worn
Level 1 Vest/PC with Soft Armor Only
Level 2 Vest/PC with Front and Back Hard Armor Plates
Level 3 Vest/PC with Front, Back, and Side Hard Armor Plates

Question 31

Discuss camouflage

Answer 31

Anything that you can use to keep yourself, your equipment, and your position
from looking like what they really are. You can also use both natural and
manmade materials for camouflage.

Question 32

COVER

Answer 32

Anything that gives protection from bullets fragments of exploding rounds, flame,
nuclear effects, and biological and chemical agents. Cover can also conceal you
from enemy observation. Cover can be natural or manmade.

Question 33

CONCEALMENT

Answer 33

Anything that hides you from the enemy’s observations. Concealment does not
protect you from enemy fire

Question 34

High Crawl

Answer 34

The high crawl is used when
Cover and/or concealment are available.
Poor visibility reduces enemy observation.
Greater speed of movement is required.
To perform the high crawl,
Keep your body off the ground.
Rest weight on forearms and lower legs.
Cradle rifle in arms, keeping the muzzle off the ground.
Keep knees well behind the buttocks to stay low.
Move forward, alternately advancing right forearm and left knee, then left
forearm and right knee

Question 35

Low Crawl

Answer 35

The low crawl is used when
Cover and concealment are scarce.
The enemy has good observation over the area in which the scout is
moving.
Speed is not essential.
To perform the low crawl,
Keep your body as flat as possible against the ground.
Grasp the rifle sling at the upper sling swivel.
Let the balance of the rifle rest on the forearm and let the butt of the rifle
drag on the ground.
Keep the muzzle off the ground.
Start forward by pushing your arms forward and pulling right leg forward.
Move forward by pulling with arms and pushing with right leg. Change the
pushing leg frequently to avoid fatigue

Question 36

Back Crawl

Answer 36

To perform the back crawl,
Slide head first, on your back.
Push yourself forward with your shoulders and heels.
Carry your weapon lengthwise on your body.

Question 37

Rush

Answer 37

When starting from the prone position
Raise your head slowly and steadily and select a new position.
Lower your head slowly, draw arms inward, cock right leg forward, and
prepare to rush.
Use one movement to raise the body by straightening both arms.
Spring to your feet, stepping off with the left foot.
Bend forward as low as possible when running.
Never advance directly to the next position; always zigzag.
When hitting the deck
Stop.
Plant both feet in place.
Drop quickly to the knees and slide the hand to the heel of the rifle.
Fall forward, breaking your fall with the butt of the rifle. (To confuse the
enemy, roll over after hitting the deck and roll into firing position with feet,
knees, and stomach flat on the ground.)
Keep your head down if you do not intend to fire.
When rolling over
Hit the deck and assume the prone position.
Bring the rifle in close to the body, placing the rifle butt in the crotch.
Roll over swiftly to confuse any enemy observers as to your final intended
location.
Never reappear at the same place you went down.

Question 38

Night Walk

Answer 38

Place the heel down first. Balance the weight of your body on the rear foot
until a secure spot is found.
Lift the forward foot high to clear any stiff grass, brush, or other obstruction.
Continue to balance body weight on the rear foot, lower the forward foot
gently, and toe first, to explore the ground for objects that might make
noise.
Step over fallen logs and branches, not on them.
Lower the heel of the forward foot slowly, gradually transferring body
weight to that foot.

Question 39

Creeping

Answer 39

Creep at night on the hands and knees.
Use your hands to feel for twigs, leaves, or other substances that might
make a noise.
Clear a spot to place your knee.
Keeping your hand at that spot, place your knee in the same spot.
Keeping your hand at that spot, place your knee on the ground and repeat
the action with the other hand and knee.

Question 40

Crossing a Wall

Answer 40

Reconnaissance the wall before crossing.
Quickly roll over the wall, keeping a low silhouette as shown in figure
The speed of your movement and a low silhouette deny the enemy a good
target.

Question 41

Observing Around a Corner and explain short stock technique

Answer 41

Observe the area around a corner before moving beyond it.
The most common mistake made at a corner is allowing the weapon to
extend beyond the corner before observing, thereby exposing your
position.
Short Stock Technique
The shooter should be capable of both right-handed and left-handed
firing of his or her weapon using this technique to be effective around
corners.
Short stocking the weapon will prevent the muzzle from protruding and
keep the weapon ready to fire the instant visual contact is made with
the enemy. Furthermore, it reduces the Marine’s exposure as a target.
A common mistake when firing around corners is firing from the
standing position. The shooter exposes him or herself at the height the
enemy would expect a target to appear and risks exposing the entire
length of the body as a target for the enemy.

Question 42

Popping the Corner Technique

Answer 42

Get into a prone position near the corner of a building or obstacle
around which to observe. The weapon is short stocked, and the
muzzle is pointed in the direction you are looking. This allows you to
engage a target, if necessary, when observing around a corner.
Crawl to the corner but don’t expose yourself.
Raise your upper body onto your elbows. Then push your body forward
with your feet and legs without moving your elbows. Your upper body,
with the weapon ready, will move forward.
The final position will expose the weapon, your helmet, and a minimal
amount of your face. Your forearms will come to rest on the deck
giving you a low profile, the ability to observe around the corner, and
the immediate capability to engage targets with your weapon, as
shown in

Question 43

Crossing a Danger Area

Answer 43

When using the correct procedure for crossing an open area, develop a
plan for your own movement.
Use smoke from hand grenades or smoke pots to conceal the movement
of all Marines.
Run the shortest distance between buildings and move along the far
building to the next position. By doing so, you reduce the amount of time
during which you are exposed to enemy fire.
Before moving to another position, make a visual reconnaissance and
select the position that offers the best cover and concealment. At the
same time, select the route that you will take to get to that position.
When moving from position to position, be careful not to mask your
supporting fires. When you reach your next position, be prepared to
cover the movement of other members of your assault force or element

Question 44

how do you Determine the Precedence of the Casualty

Answer 44

. Casualties needing air CASEVAC
will be given appropriate degrees of precedence so that, if aircraft space is limited,
more urgent patients are evacuated before those whose conditions are less
serious.
The senior military person present makes the determination to request
medical evacuation and assignment of precedence. This decision is
based on the advice of the senior medical person at the scene, the
patient’s condition, and the tactical situation.
Assignment of medical evacuation precedence is necessary. The
precedence provides the supporting medical unit and controlling
headquarters with information that is used in determining priorities for
committing their evacuation assets. For this reason, correct assignment
of precedence cannot be overemphasized; over classification remains a
continuing problem.
Patients will be picked up as soon as possible, consistent with available
resources and pending missions.

Question 45

Priority 1 – Urgent

Answer 45

Assigned to emergency cases that should be evacuated as soon as possible and
within a maximum of 2 hours in order to save life, limb, or eyesight, to prevent
complications of serious illness, or to avoid permanent disability.

Question 46

Priority 1A - Urgent-Surgical

Answer 46

Assigned to patients who must receive far forward surgical intervention to save life
and to stabilize them for further evacuation

Question 47

Priority 2 – Priority

Answer 47

Assigned to sick and wounded personnel requiring prompt medical care. This
precedence is used when the individual should be evacuated within 4 hours or his
medical condition could deteriorate to such a degree that he will become an
URGENT precedence, or whose requirements for special treatment are not
available locally, or who will suffer unnecessary pain or disability.

Question 48

Priority 3 – Routine

Answer 48

Assigned to sick and wounded personnel requiring evacuation but whose condition
is not expected to deteriorate significantly. The sick and wounded in this category
should be evacuated within 24 hours.

Question 49

Priority 4 – Convenience

Answer 49

Assigned to patients for whom evacuation by medical vehicle is a matter of medical
convenience rather than necessity

Question 50

Landing Zones

Answer 50

CASEVAC pickup zones cannot always be selected in favorable terrain, but the
size of the landing zone will dictate what type of helicopters will be able to support
your CASEVAC and may determine how large of a landing zone will need to be cleared. (See Table below) Notice that the size of the obstacles around the landing
zone is paramount, locations requiring vertical ascent or decent are not desirable.
Site should not contain high obstacles or debris, which will be blown by
rotor wash.
The site should offer some measure of protection for the vulnerable
helicopter from enemy direct fire weapons.
Terrain cover and an effective base of suppressive fire can provide this
protection during the critical landing, loading, and departure phases of an
evacuation conducted in forward battle areas.
Flat open spaces and hilltops are good locations for a landing zone.
All around security (360-degree perimeter defense) should be maintained
at all times.
Landing zones may have to be cleared by the platoon. Tools likely to be
used would be chain saws, hatchets, K-bars, entrenching tools, and
explosives such as TNT and C-4. In extreme cases, where single and
double canopy exists, casualties may have to be evacuated by hoisting as
the helicopter hovers overhead.

Question 51

Discuss the procedures for requesting a CASEVAC

Answer 51

Helicopters are normally requested through battalion, but the platoon and
rifle company commanders should be aware of their availability under all
circumstances.

A CASEVAC request is submitted to the appropriate unit using a
CASEVAC request.

The casualty evacuation request is used for
requesting evacuation support for both air and ground ambulances.
There are two established casualty evacuation formats and procedures –
one for wartime use and one used in peacetime.

Question 52

1.

Several differences exist between the wartime and the peacetime casualty
evacuation request formats and procedures. The peacetime request form differs
in two line item areas:

Answer 52

Line 6 – changed to number and type of wound, injury, or illness (two
gunshot wounds and one compound fracture). If serious bleeding is
reported, the patient’s blood type should be given, if known.
Line 9 – changed to description of terrain (flat, open, sloping, wooded). If
possible, include relationship of landing area to prominent terrain features.

Question 53

What are the differences in line 6 in Security between wartime and peacetime requesting
procedures.

Answer 53

Under all non-war conditions, the safety of US military and civilian
personnel outweighs the need for security, and clear text transmissions of
medical evacuation requests are authorized.
During wartime, the rapid evacuation of patients must be weighed against
the importance of unit survivability. Accordingly, wartime medical
evacuation requests are transmitted by secure means only.

Question 54

Free card

Answer 54

Take 5 min break my guy