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yr2 Control + Movement > 11 (C) Visual Ear > Flashcards

11 (C) Visual Ear Flashcards

1
Q

The inner ear is located within which bone of the skull?

A

Petrous part of temporal

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2
Q

Ear lobes

A

Auricle

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3
Q

Middle ear is located within which bone of the skull?

A

Petrous part of temporal

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4
Q

What connects nasopharynx + middle ear

A

Eustachian tube

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5
Q

Why is there a greater risk in children of middle ear infections?

A

Eustachian tube more horizontal

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6
Q

Valsalva manoeuvre

A

Helps pressure differential between middle ear + outside

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7
Q

What are the ossicles

A

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

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8
Q

Pulsatile tinnitus is caused by what artery?

A

Internal carotid artery

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9
Q

thrombosis can occur in the ear because of what vein close by?

A

Internal jugular vein

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10
Q

Stapedius muscle is innervated by what?

Chorda Tympani is innervated by what?

A

Facial Nerve

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11
Q

Vestibular system is for?

A

Balance + equilibrium

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12
Q

Cochlea system is for?

A

Hearing

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13
Q

Petrous outer bone contains what fluid?

A

Perilymph (ECF)

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14
Q

Petrous inner bone contains what?

A

Endolymph (ICF)

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15
Q

High frequency sounds are heard at the …… of the Cochlear

A

Base

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16
Q

Low frequency sounds are heard at the …. of the Cochlear

A

Apex

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17
Q

What are the two chambers of the cochlear duct

A 
Scala Vestibuli (SV)
Scala Tympani (ST)
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18
Q

What deforms the endolymph in cochlear duct?

A

Perilymph

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19
Q

What does the organ of Corti sit above between the SV + ST?

What kind of organ is it?

A

Basilar membrane

Spiral Organ

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20
Q

What is the membrane found that has hair cells tips in the Organ Of Corti?

A

Tectorial membrane

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21
Q

Role of the organ of corti

A

Converts fluid pressure –> electrical signals

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22
Q

What key structure can be found at the apex of the cochlea where SV + ST meet

A

Helicotrema

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23
Q

Stapes hit what window?

A

Oval Window

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24
Q

Organ of corti is stimulated through what?

A

Deformation of cochlear duct by perilymph in SV + ST

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25
Q

CNV8 (cochlear nerve) enters the Rostral Medulla via what

A

Cerebellopontine Angle

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26
Q

Cochlear nerve goes through the spiral ganglion to go where?

A

Dorsal + ventral cochlear nuclei

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27
Q

Role of the trapezoid body?

Which side does it innervate

A

Connect Cochlear Nuclei –> Superior Olivary Nucleus

Its bilateral so innervates both SON

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28
Q

Where is the Superior Olivary Nucleus found?

A

Mid Pons

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29
Q

The SON receives what type of information

A

Bilateral

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30
Q

SON has fibres which go to which structure?

What fibres are used to go the structure?

A

Inferior Colliculus

Lateral lemniscus

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31
Q

Lateral Lemniscus fibres has what type of information

A

Bilateral Information

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32
Q

The inferior Colliculus is found at what level

A

Tectum of midbrain

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33
Q

The inferior colliculus sends information to what?

What type of fibres are used?

A

Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)

Inferior Brachium of IC

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34
Q

The MGN sends fibres to what?

What type of fibres are used?

A

Auditory Cortex (Herchl’s)

Acoustic Radiation Fibres

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35
Q

High Pitch sounds are found at what part of the auditory cortex?

A

Posteromedial part

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36
Q

Low Pitch sounds are found at what part of the auditory cortex?

A

Anterolateral part

Low => anteroLateral

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37
Q

2* auditoy areas

A

Brocas Area + Wernicke’s

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38
Q

If there is an anterior Left Middle cerebral artery stroke, what can be affected?

A

Broca’s

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39
Q

If there is an posterior Left Middle Cerebral Artery stroke, what can be affected

A

Wernicke’s

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40
Q

Head + eye movement moves in response to sound. Where do CN 3,4,6 come from to initiate these movements?

A

Inferior Colliculus –> Tectum of midbrain

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41
Q

Highest Acuity can be found at what part of the retina

A

Fovea (macula)

42
Q

Region of the retina on which light from the centre of the visual axis falls is called the

A

fovea centralis

43
Q

Which part of the eye is highly vascularised

A

Choroid

44
Q

Which structure is key in refraction to the lens

A

Cornea

45
Q

Is the cornea vascularised?

A

No = avascular

46
Q

the retina is an extension of what?

A

Diencephalon

47
Q

the non neuronal part of the retina have what type of epithelium

A

Pigmented epithelium

48
Q

What is the most common type of photoreceptor?

A

Rods

49
Q

Which type of photoreceptor has HIGH level of convergence?

A

Rods

50
Q

Cones are found only at … with what type of ratio

A

The macula

One Cone : One ganglion

51
Q

Papilloedema is a swelling of what?

A

Optic Disk

52
Q

What does a papilloedema prevent?

A

Venous drainage of eye due to compression of central retinal vein

53
Q

The Geniculocalcarine tract is otherwise known as what?

A

Optic Radiations

54
Q

do nasal fibres cross at the optic canal?

A

yes

55
Q

Superior trajectory tracts carry what type of information

A

Lower field

56
Q

Inferior trajectory tract is otherwise known as what

What information does it carry

A

Meyers Loops

Upper field

57
Q

What key structure is represented most posteriorly in the cortex?

A

Macula –> towards tip of occipital pole

58
Q

A scotoma is what?

A

Localised patch of blindness

59
Q

the pre-tectal area can be found where?

A

Midbrain

60
Q

Consenual reflex =

A

Light in one eye = constriction in other eye

61
Q

if no direct pupillary reflex, there is damage to what?

A

CN II

62
Q

The accomodation reflex is used in what?

A

looking from far objects to close objects

63
Q

What are the 3 stages of the accomodation reflex?

A

Cilliary muscle contraction = lens rounded
Pupil constriction = sphincter pupillae
Ocular Converge = medial rectus

64
Q

What part of CN3 is used in sphincter pupillae + ciliary muscle

What is used in medial rectus muscle

A

SP + Ciliary = CN3 Parasympathetic

Medial Rectus = Motor nerve CN3

65
Q

What parts of the visual cortex are used in the accomodation reflex?

A

Primary visual cortex

Association visual cortex

66
Q

How is the association visual cortex used?

A

association visual cortex –> Edniger-westphal nucleus –> eye

67
Q

Edniger-westphal is found where

A

Midbrain

68
Q

Aqueous humour is found between what

A

Lens + Cornea

69
Q

Aqueous humour is secreted by what?

A

Cilliary Body

70
Q

what is the circular muscle of the eye

A

Sphincter pupillae

71
Q

what is the radial muscle of the eye

what innervates it

A

Dilator Pupillae

SNS

72
Q

Cataracts

A

Cloudy lens

73
Q

Reabsorbtion of the aqueous humour is done where? What canal is present?

A

Sclera + canal of Schlemm

74
Q

Middle ear –> mastoid air cells

A

Mastoid Antrum

75
Q

Maculae detect =>

A

Linear Acceleration

76
Q

Christae ampullaris =>

A

Angular acceleration + deceleration

77
Q

Conduction deafness causes =>

A

Obstructed / altered transmission to tympanic membrane

78
Q

Sensorineural deafness =>

A

Deafness caused by inner ear problems

79
Q

Meyer’s loop lesion on the left side of the cortex

A

Superior Right Homonymous quadrantanopia

80
Q

Primary pain and temperature afferents from the external ear are carried by which tract

A

Spinal tract

81
Q

A person with congenital absence of the retinal rod cells will lack what?

A

will lack visual acuity

82
Q

Frontal eye field is found where

A

Frontal medial

83
Q

Decussation of ascending auditory fibres across the midline occurs between which brain regions?

A

Inferior colliculus

84
Q

Information from vestibular passes to what structure of the cerebellum (lobe)

A

Flucculonodular lobe

85
Q

information regarding the position of the left side of the body enter which peduncle of the cerebellum?

A

Left inferior

86
Q

Low pitch sound will be interpreted by which part of the cochlear duct?

A

low pitch = Distal Cochlear Duct

87
Q

Lower motor neurons from facial nerve wrap around which cranial nerve as they exit the brainstem?

A

Abducens

88
Q

Axons found within the optic nerve have what cell type?

A

Ganglion

89
Q

Cell bodies of the primary cochlear nerve fibre are located where?

A

Spiral Ganglion (organ of corti)

90
Q

tectorial membrane passes into what space?

A

Cochlear Duct

91
Q

Tensor tympani is innervated by what?

A

Trigeminal

92
Q

Visual axis passes directly onto what?

A

Macula

93
Q

visual information from the eye passes to what part of the nucleus?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

94
Q

information regarding the right upper field vision travels via what to the occipital radiations?

A

Left meyers Loops

95
Q

What is the difference between relative and absolute visual acuity?

A

Relative visual acuity is the visual acuity of an uncorrected eye

Absolute visual acuity is the visual acuity of a corrected eye (e.g. using glasses or contact lenses).

96
Q

Convex lenses are used for

A

Hyperopia (far-sightedness)

97
Q

Concave lenses are used for

A

Myopia (short-sightedness)

98
Q

What specific deficit leads to red-green colour-blindness? Why are males more likely to be colour blind
than females?

A

X chromosome of the 23rd chromosome pair

males => 1 X
females => 2X (recessive)

99
Q

Conductive deafness in terms of bone conduction

A

subject will be deaf to ordinary air conduction but will show no deafness to bone conduction.

100
Q

Sensorineural deafness in terms of bone conduction

A

the subject will be deaf to both air and bone conduction

101
Q

frontal eye field is found where? (lobe)

A

Lateral surface of the frontal lobe

yr2 Control + Movement (24 decks)

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