11 Flashcards
Glycolysis?
Splitting a glucose molecule in half.
First and second phase of glycolysis? (2•)
•Inputs: 2ATP, Glucose
•Output: 2ADP(from ATP)
!!!Phase three of glycolysis? (3•)
•Runs twice for every glucose molecule
•Inputs: 2NAD+, 4ADP
•Output: 4 ATPs(from 4ADP), 2NADH + 2H+(from 2 NAD+)
ATP is synthesized by?
Substrate level phosphorylation.
Substrate level phosphorylation (SLP)?
It takes a phosphate group from one substrate (molecule) and puts it in ADP all by an enzyme.
A series of redox reactions occur by reduced electron carriers. Electrons are transferred as H+ ions. How does this play a role in oxidative phosphorylation?
The H+ ions goes across the inner mitochondrial membrane creating a concentration and charge gradient.
What is the electron transport chain made up of?
Four large protein complexes (I to IV)
At each complex, how are electrons donated in ETC?
By NADH and FADH2 to NAD+ and FADH+.
In ETC, where does electrons enter?
Electrons enter ETC at either complex I or II
Electrons donated by NADH enter complex ____ and electrons donated by FADH2 enter complex _____
I, II
What is the reaction catalyzed by complex IV?
O2 + 4e- + 4H+ -> 2 H2O
Coenzyme Q (CoQ)? (2•)
•Accepts electrons from both complex I and II, and •two electrons and two protons are transferred to CoQ from the matrix forming CoQH2.
What is the role of CoQH2? (2•)
•It carries electrons and protons. •Electrons go to to complex III and transferred to cytochrome c, and protons are released into the intermembrane space.
Each step in complexes release energy. What is that energy used?
What does the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 lead to?
F0 in ATP synthase?
F1 in ATP synthase?
How many ATP for each NADH and ATP per each FADH2 gets produced in ETC overall?
Final electron accepter in ETC in animals?
Terminal electron acceptor?
The last reaction that accepts the electrons of glucose, which is O2.
Lactic Acid Fermentation?
•Glucose runs through glycolysis
•Pyruvate picks up the electrons and get reduced into lactic acid.
Ethanol-Fermentation steps? (2•)
•Glucose goes through glycolysis
•2 pyruvates looses a total of 2 CO2 and forms Acetaldehyde, pyruvate picks up 2 protons from the oxidation of 2 NADH to 2 NAD+, and ethanol is formed.
Pyruvate Processing?
Inputs: Pyruvate, NAD+, Co-enzyme A
Outputs: NADH+, CO2, Acetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle?
Inputs: FAD, ADP, NAD+, Acetyl CoA
Outputs: NADH, ATP, CO2, CoA, FADH2
Locations of metabolic steps in eukaryotes? (2•)
•Glycolysis happens in the cytosol
•Stages 2-4 happens inside the mitochondria.
Location of metabolic steps in bacteria? (2•)
•stages 1-3 happens inside the cytosol
•stage 4 happens inside the plasma membrane of the cell.
Where does oxidative phosphorylation takes place?
Eukaryotes: inside the inner membrane of mitochondria.
Oxidative Phosphorylation inputs and outputs? (2•)
•Inputs: 1 O2, 8 NADH, 3 FADH2, 2 ADP
•Outputs: 4 FAD, 7 NAD+, 6 ATP, 5 H2O
Chemiosmosis?
Protons move through a gradient (proton gradient).
Electrochemical gradient?
A gradient because of both charge and concentration (e.g. chemiosmosis since H+ is positively charged and depends on concentration)
What forms the electrochemical gradient in oxidative phosphorylation?
Electron Transport Chain
What is the role for each complex in ETC and how does energy get passed?
Oxidizing NADH (in complex 1) and FADH2 (in complex 2) to pass electrons as 2e- in total through complex III, IV and to O2 which gets reduced to water.
Terminal electron acceptor (TEA)?
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- -> 2 H2O
What happens to each complex when it receives electrons from high energy intermediates and how is that electrons used in each complex? (3•)
Each protein •complex is reduced by the electrons from •oxidizing the high energy intermediates, and •gains a little bit of potential energy from that energy that is •used to pump protons from the Matrix to the intermembrane space (primary active transport by proton gradient).
Protons do not want to stay in the intermediate space. So where do they go?
Back to the matrix through ATP synthase spontaneously, thus free energy is released and transferred to ATP synthase to make ATP.
……Why is metabolism not in one reaction step?
Since a little bit of energy is required to make ATP, but there needs to be a pause for ATP to be made. However if a lot of energy is released by one step, then there is not enough time to make multiple ATP molecules.
Proton motive force?
Energy extracted by the spontaneous effects of diffusing protons through ATP synthase that spins the F1 subunit of ATP synthase.
F1 subunit of ATP synthase?
The spinning part that catalyze the synthesis of ATP.
F0 subunit?
A channel that rotates as protons pass through it.
Substrate level of phosphorylation TOTAL ATP production?
4 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation TOTAL ATP?
28 ATP
Total ATP production in cellular respiration?
32 ATP
Anaerobic organisms use anaerobic cellular respiration to produce ATP. What do they use instead of oxygen?
NO3- or SO4 2- to run all 4 steps of cellular respiration.
Think about the coefficients in inputs and outputs in oxidative phosphorylation.
Dinitrophenol (DNP)?
If it reaches the mitochondria or bacteria, it allows protons the ability to diffuse through the innermembrane.
What happens to the potential energy if DNP is introduced to the inner membrane?
The energy goes to water once protons slams into water, and water vibrates fast and releases heat which boils it.
