10 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do DNA binding proteins sometimes break off?

A

Because equilibrium with non-covalent bonds is present and can go back.

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2
Q

Macromolecules essential for metabolism? (4•)

A

•Carbohydrates
•Proteins
•Fats (lipids)
•Nucleic acids

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3
Q

Subunits of metabolism? (4•)

A

•Sugars
•Amino acids
•Fatty acids
•Nucleotides

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4
Q

Catabolism?

A

Breaking down macromolecules, capturing building blocks, and capturing energy.

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5
Q

Anabolism?

A

Building up macromolecules from the building blocks in catabolism and using that energy.

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6
Q

Metabolism?

A

Gathering carbon (main building block), using carbon, and harvesting energy.

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7
Q

What are the main ways to extract energy in metabolism? (2•)

A

•Light/heat, •chemical

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8
Q

How do you obtain carbon in metabolism? (2•)

A

•Organic or •inorganic energy.

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9
Q

All organic molecules must have?

A

Carbon - hydrogen bonds.

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10
Q

Nutrients? (2•)

A

•chemical (organic or inorganic) & •light.

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11
Q

Major bio-elements? (6•)

A

C, N, P, S, O, H

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12
Q

Minor bio-elements? (5•)

A

Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu

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13
Q

Vitamins must be obtained by?

A

The environment.

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14
Q

Electrons must be obtained by?

A

The environment.

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15
Q

Environmental nutrients? (6•)

A

•Major bio elements
•Minor bio elements
•Vitamins
•Electrons
•Energy or components involved in energy harnessing reactions
•terminal electron acceptors

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16
Q

Almost all energy is transferred and captured in molecules by?

A

Redox reactions.

17
Q

Nutrients are?

A

Electron donors for cells.

18
Q

Redox reactions shift what and why? (2•)

A

•Potential energy stored in chemical bonds by •changing the position of electrons.

19
Q

Goal of metabolism?

A

Transform free energy trapped in molecules to synthesize high energy intermediates such as ATP or NADH.

20
Q

What are the two important ways to consider changes in free energy? (2•)

A

•Stability
•Potential energy (amount of energy required for work)

21
Q

Spontaneous reactions are also known as?

A

Exergonic.

22
Q

If you have a weak bond, how much potential energy do you have?

A

A lot because the bonds can easily break.

23
Q

Overall respiration reaction? DeltaH? DeltaS? (3•)

A

•6O2 + C2H6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy, •deltaH < 0, •deltaS > 0

24
Q

Does oxidizing carbon make it more stable or less?

A

More stable because electrons leave and potential energy decreases.

25
Q

Carbons with more bonds with carbons and hydrogens are more oxidized or reduced?

A

Reduced.

26
Q

Why is metabolism in many different reactions?

A

To maximize the production of energy.

27
Q

Do you need energy to start metabolism?

A

Yes.

28
Q

How does ATP transfers potential energy?

A

By phosphorylation by gaining or loosing phosphate groups.

29
Q

In order for ATP to do work, what else does it need?

A

Water helps with the cutting to release one phosphate group in a hydrolysis.

30
Q

ATP is coupled to a?

A

Non-spontaneous reaction that gives it the energy to go forward.

31
Q

Cellular (aerobic) respiration steps? (4•)

A

•Glycolysis
•Pyruvate Processing (acetyl-CoA synthesis)
•Tri-carboxylic acid (TCA cycle; citric acid cycle or kerbs cycle)
•Oxidative phosphorylation.

32
Q

In bacteria, where does each step of aerobic respiration occur?

A

Steps 1-3 occur together in cytosol, step 4 occurs in inner cell membrane.

33
Q

In eukaryotes, where does each step of aerobic respiration occur?

A

Step 1 occurs in cytosol, step 2-3 occurs in mitochondrial matrix, step 4 occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

34
Q

High energy intermediates? (3•)

A

•Steps 1-3, electron carriers (NADH, FADH2) are produced. •ATP is both used and produced in step 1, and then produced again in step 3. •NADH and FADH2 are used in step 4 as electron donors and ATP is produced.