10 Flashcards
Why do DNA binding proteins sometimes break off?
Because equilibrium with non-covalent bonds is present and can go back.
Macromolecules essential for metabolism? (4•)
•Carbohydrates
•Proteins
•Fats (lipids)
•Nucleic acids
Subunits of metabolism? (4•)
•Sugars
•Amino acids
•Fatty acids
•Nucleotides
Catabolism?
Breaking down macromolecules, capturing building blocks, and capturing energy.
Anabolism?
Building up macromolecules from the building blocks in catabolism and using that energy.
Metabolism?
Gathering carbon (main building block), using carbon, and harvesting energy.
What are the main ways to extract energy in metabolism? (2•)
•Light/heat, •chemical
How do you obtain carbon in metabolism? (2•)
•Organic or •inorganic energy.
All organic molecules must have?
Carbon - hydrogen bonds.
Nutrients? (2•)
•chemical (organic or inorganic) & •light.
Major bio-elements? (6•)
C, N, P, S, O, H
Minor bio-elements? (5•)
Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu
Vitamins must be obtained by?
The environment.
Electrons must be obtained by?
The environment.
Environmental nutrients? (6•)
•Major bio elements
•Minor bio elements
•Vitamins
•Electrons
•Energy or components involved in energy harnessing reactions
•terminal electron acceptors
Almost all energy is transferred and captured in molecules by?
Redox reactions.
Nutrients are?
Electron donors for cells.
Redox reactions shift what and why? (2•)
•Potential energy stored in chemical bonds by •changing the position of electrons.
Goal of metabolism?
Transform free energy trapped in molecules to synthesize high energy intermediates such as ATP or NADH.
What are the two important ways to consider changes in free energy? (2•)
•Stability
•Potential energy (amount of energy required for work)
Spontaneous reactions are also known as?
Exergonic.
If you have a weak bond, how much potential energy do you have?
A lot because the bonds can easily break.
Overall respiration reaction? DeltaH? DeltaS? (3•)
•6O2 + C2H6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy, •deltaH < 0, •deltaS > 0
Does oxidizing carbon make it more stable or less?
More stable because electrons leave and potential energy decreases.
Carbons with more bonds with carbons and hydrogens are more oxidized or reduced?
Reduced.
Why is metabolism in many different reactions?
To maximize the production of energy.
Do you need energy to start metabolism?
Yes.
How does ATP transfers potential energy?
By phosphorylation by gaining or loosing phosphate groups.
In order for ATP to do work, what else does it need?
Water helps with the cutting to release one phosphate group in a hydrolysis.
ATP is coupled to a?
Non-spontaneous reaction that gives it the energy to go forward.
Cellular (aerobic) respiration steps? (4•)
•Glycolysis
•Pyruvate Processing (acetyl-CoA synthesis)
•Tri-carboxylic acid (TCA cycle; citric acid cycle or kerbs cycle)
•Oxidative phosphorylation.
In bacteria, where does each step of aerobic respiration occur?
Steps 1-3 occur together in cytosol, step 4 occurs in inner cell membrane.
In eukaryotes, where does each step of aerobic respiration occur?
Step 1 occurs in cytosol, step 2-3 occurs in mitochondrial matrix, step 4 occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
High energy intermediates? (3•)
•Steps 1-3, electron carriers (NADH, FADH2) are produced. •ATP is both used and produced in step 1, and then produced again in step 3. •NADH and FADH2 are used in step 4 as electron donors and ATP is produced.
