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Anatomy Exam 3 > 11/1: Urinary System > Flashcards

11/1: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

Elimination of urine/toxicity
Conservation of salts, glucose, proteins, water
Regulation of blood pressure, blood hemodynamics, and acid-base balance
Endocrine organ, produces Vit D, renin, erythropoietin prostoglandins

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2
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys (with ureter)
Urinary bladder

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3
Q

The kidneys and most of the ureters are…

A

Primarily retroperitoneal (not part of the gut tube and never had a mesentery)

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4
Q

The urinary bladder and lower ureters are…

A

Subperitoneal (sitting down in pelvis below peritoneum)

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5
Q

What are the kidneys surrounded by?

A

Perinpehric fat layer and a second paranephric fat layer over that

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6
Q

What is the best way to access the kidneys?

A

Posteriorly

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7
Q

What does the right kidney contact?

A

Ascending/transverse colon, liver and gallbladder, duodenum, and inferior vena cava

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8
Q

What does the left kidney contact?

A

Stomach, pancreas, descending colon, jejunum, and spleen

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9
Q

The kidney has no significant ________

A

Collateral arterial circulation

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10
Q

What is the exterior of the kidney covered by?

A

Renal capsule (divided into superior and inferior poles)

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11
Q

Where does the outer cortex extend into?

A

Medulla

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12
Q

What does the medulla form?

A

Renal columns

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13
Q

What does the inner medulla contain?

A

Renal pyramids

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14
Q

What is the function of renal pyramids?

A

urine is filtered and proessed

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15
Q

What do the renal pyramids curve down to form?

A

Minor calyx

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16
Q

Where is urine secreted into prior to minor calyx?

A

Renal papilla (base of renal pyramid)

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17
Q

What do several minor calyx come together to form?

A

Major calyx (2-3)

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18
Q

What do major calyx form?

A

Renal pelvis

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19
Q

What does the renal pelvis exit as and turn into?

A

Kidney at the hilum as the ureter

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20
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Spaces filled with fat

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21
Q

What is the relationship between the ureters and the gonadal vessels?

A

Ureters pass behind the gonadal vessels
“Water under the bridge”

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22
Q

Where do the ureters pass across?

A

The anterior surface of the psaos muscle and common iliac vessels

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23
Q

What is the right ureter at risk of?

A

Injury during appendectomy

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24
Q

What is the left ureter crossed by?

A

Sigmoid colon

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25
Q

What is the left ureter at risk of?

A

Injury of sigmoid colon and rectum during surgery

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26
Q

Where do the ureters get their blood supply?

A

Superiorly: renal a
Middle: gonadal a
Inferiorly: internal iliac a

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27
Q

What is a common clinical correlation with our kidneys?

A

Kidney stones

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28
Q

What are kidney stones formed from?

A

Extravasation of urine into surrounding soft tissue

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29
Q

What are the 3 places where kidney stones occur?

A
  1. pelvic brim
  2. ureter and pelvis
  3. detrusor and ureter
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30
Q

The smaller the stone, the _________ it will go before lodging

A

farther

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31
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the kidney?

A

via renal artery

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32
Q

What does the renal artery branch into?

A

Anterior and posterior renal arteries which then divide into 5 segmental arteries after entering hilum

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33
Q

What do the 4 branches of anterior renal artery supply?

A

Apical
Superior
Middle
Inferior segments

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34
Q

What does 1 of the segments of the posterior renal artery supply?

A

Posterior segment

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35
Q

What do segmental arteries give off?

A

Many lobar arteries

36
Q

What do lobar arteries supply?

A

Renal pyramid with branching interlobal arteries

37
Q

What is the ureter covered by?

A

Parietal peritoneum

38
Q

Where does the ureter enter the bladder?

A

At an oblique angle forming a flap valve

39
Q

What occurs when bladder fills with urine?

A

The thickness of the detrusor muscle wall is compressed which pushes the ureter to be closed to prevent urine backflow

40
Q

How does urine pass down the ureters?

A

By peristaltic contractions (12-20 sec intervals few drops enter urinary bladder)

41
Q

What is the blood supply of the ureter?

A

Via area/vessels they contact

42
Q

What is the ureters blood supply near the kidney?

A

Via renal artery

43
Q

What is the ureters blood supply near the pelvis?

A

Via gonadal arteries

44
Q

What is the ureters blood supply into the pelvis?

A

Via common iliac and internal iliac and its branches

45
Q

What is the urinary bladder made of?

A

Detrusor muscle

46
Q

What is the function of the detrusor muscle?

A

Store urine

47
Q

What is a characteristic of the detrusor muscle?

A

Distensibility: Ability to fill and expand in contract

48
Q

How is the urinary bladder separated from pubic bones via?

A

Retropubic space

49
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the urinary bladder?

A

branches of the internal iliac artery

50
Q

What is the venosu drainage of the urinary bladder?

A

Internal iliac vein

51
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Triangular area created by ureter opening and internal urethral orifice

52
Q

What is the itnernal urethral orifice?

A

Opening into urethra

53
Q

What does the internal urethral orifice contain?

A

Internal urethral sphincter which is involuntary

54
Q

What happens to the internal urethral orifice in males?

A

Contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation

55
Q

Differences between male and female bladder anatomy

A
56
Q

What does the kidney and ureter innervation arise from?

A

Renal nerve plexus and consists of sympathetics (splenchnic) and parasympathetics (Vagus) fibers

57
Q

What do nerves of abdominal parts of ureter derive from?

A

Renal, abdominal aortic, and superior hypogastric plexuses

58
Q

Describe the reffered pain of the ureter?

A

Visceral afferent fibers
follows sympathetic fibers backwards to spinal ganglia and cord segments T11-L2

59
Q

Where is ureter referred pain felt?

A

In groin and ipsilateral lower quadrant of the anterior abdominal wall

60
Q

In the urinary system what is the parasympathetic role?

A

Producing and releasing waste (urine and feces) from the body

61
Q

In the urinary system what is the sympathetic role?

A

Slowing production of waste, while retaining it inside the body until proper time to release it

62
Q

In the urinary system what is the somatic motor role?

A

Assisting sympathetics in retaining waste

63
Q

In the kidney and renal vessels, what do the sympathetics function for?

A

Decrease urine production through vasoconstriction

64
Q

In the kidney and renal vessels, what do the parasympathetics function for?

A

No obvious function

65
Q

What do vagus fibers that reach the kidney carry?

A

Visceral afferent information

66
Q

Describe peristalsis in the renal pelvis and upper ureter?

A

Largerly myogenic as a response to stretching when filled with urine

67
Q

Describe peristalsis in the lower ureter?

A

Parasympathetics increase peristalsis
Sympathetics inhibit peristalsis

68
Q

Describe parasympathetics at the bladder?

A

Parasympathetics (pelvic splenchnic nn. from S2-4) eliminate urine

69
Q

What muscle contacts at the bladder due to parasympathetics?

A

Detrusor muscle (bladder wall)

70
Q

What do parasympathetics at the bladder inhibit?

A

The internal (involuntary) urinary sphincter, causing it to relax and open

71
Q

Describe where the sympathetics from the bladder come from?

A

Mostly from L1

72
Q

Describe where somatic motor comes from at the bladder?

A

Pudendal n. from S2-4

73
Q

What does somatic motor at the bladder retain?

A

Urine

74
Q

What do sympathetics at the bladder cause?

A

The detrusor to relax
Internal sphincter to constrict and close (involuntary functions)

75
Q

What kind of muscle is the external urinary sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle, used voluntarily to prevent urination

76
Q

What is the aoricorenal ganglion?

A

Plexus surrounding aorta and lead to kidneys

77
Q

What are parasympathetics for ureters mostly from?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nn

78
Q

Where are pelvic splanchnic nn most important?

A

Distally

79
Q

Where are sympathetics of the urinary system from?

A

Lesser splanchnic nn, mostly from T11-L2

80
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Final outflow tract from bladder to external urethral orrifice to exit

81
Q

Describe the urethra in females?

A

Shorter and straight (most likely to get UTI’s because easier for pathogens to travel up shorter distance)

82
Q

Describe the urethra in males?

A

Long, curves, through prostate and penis muscles

83
Q

What are horseshoe kidneys?

A

lower poles fuse during “assent” and are relocated and sunken under inferior mesenteric artery

84
Q

What are ectopic kidneys?

A

Out of norma position. Most common is pelvic kidney with hilum facing anteriorly

85
Q

What are ectopic ureters?

A

Most common is bifid ureters (2, can join together or separate)

Anatomy Exam 3 (12 decks)

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