1000ft neurology review Flashcards
1
Q
What is the aponeurosis
A
Helps raise eyebrows
2
Q
What are the layers of the meninges
A
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia
3
Q
What is the dura mater
A
Tough external fibrous layer that adheres to the skull
4
Q
How many layers is the dura mater
A
2
periostea and meningeal
5
Q
What is the arachnoid
A
This intermediate layer
avascular
bridges the sulci (instead of contour)
6
Q
What is the Pia mater
A
Delicate inner layer that adheres to the CNS
Follows the suci and gyri and creates a sheath around vasculature
7
Q
What spaces make up the meninges
A
Epidural
subdural
subarachnoid
8
Q
What is the epidural space
A
Potential space between the skull and dura mater
9
Q
What structures are within the epidural space
A
Arteries and veins
10
Q
Where is the subdural space
A
Between dura and arachnoid
11
Q
Where is the subarachnoid space
A
Between the arachnoid and the pia
12
Q
What is found within the subarachnoid space
A
CSF
Choroid plexus
Major arteries
13
Q
How much cardiac output goes to the brain
A
15-20%
14
Q
What is the only nutrient your neurons use
A
glucose
15
Q
What is the cerebrum
A
the forebrain
16
Q
What is the function of the cerebrum
A
processes sensory information
helps with reasoning and problem solving
regulates autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions
17
Q
What is the cerebellum
A
hind brain
18
Q
What is the function of the cerebellum
A
Regulates autonomic function
relays sensory info
Coordinate balance
Maintain balance and equilibrium
19
Q
What does the midbrain do
A
Helps regulate movement
process auditory/visual information
20
Q
Where is the insula found
A
Under the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
21
Q
What makes up the limbic system
A
insula
-thalamus
-mamillary bodies
-hippocampus
-amygdala
-arcuate nucleus
22
Q
What is the purpose of the insula
A
“in check area”
helps with awareness of homeostasis
23
Q
Where is the longitudinal fissure found and what is the importance of it
A
Divides the right and left hemispheres
helps determine midline shift
24
Q
What is the gyrus in the brain
A
Bump-> goes up
25
What is the sulcus of the brain
ridges-> goes down
26
What does the corpus callosum allow for
the connection between the right and left hemispheres of the brain
27
What makes up the brain stem
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
28
What is the function of the pons
Helps with breathing control
helps to process info to/from cerebellum
29
What is the function of the medulla oblongata
Autonomic reflex center
contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory sensors and sensory nuclei for reflexes
30
Which two nerve do not enter the brain via the brain stem
Olfactory 1
Optic 2
31
What is the white matter
Myelinated axon
-transmission tissue
32
What is grey matter
Unmyelinated central bodies and their dendrites
-decision making part of the cell
33
What is the main purpose of the blood brain barrier
Maintain homeostasis
Protection from free flow ions, cells, and molecules to get to the nervous tissue
Tight control over nerve exposure
34
Where is the brocas area
Just behind the frontal lobe
35
What is the purpose of the brocas area
Speech
36
What lobe does decision making take place in
Frontal
37
What lobe is in control of vision
occipital
38
What is the function of the temporal lobe
Short term memory
image perception
Equilibrium
hearing
39
What is the main function of the parietal lobe
Sensation
40
What is the purpose of the hipocampus
Long term memory
41
What part of the brain has goal oriented behavior, short term memory, elaboration of thought
Preforontal
42
If you cram before an exam, which part of the brain will help you the most
prefrontal cortex
43
What part of the brain stops the emotional aspect of the CNS
Prefrontal cortex
44
Where is the brodmann area found
cerebral cortex
45
What is the purpose of the Brodmann area
helps organize motor movement
46
Where is the motor cortex found
pre central gyrus
47
What is the purpose of the motor cortex
Primary voluntary motor area
48
What is a homunculus
Little man picture
* think motor cortex
49
Where is the somatosensory cortex found
Postcentral gyrus
50
Which part of your brain helps with spatial organization
somatosensory cortex
51
Each side of the somatosensory cortex receives its information from which side of the body
contralateral
52
If there is injury to the brocas area, what will occur as a result
Expressive aphasia
53
Where is the Wernicke area found
parietal lobe
54
What part of the brain helps with reception and interpretation of speech
Wernicke area
55
What is the FAST exam
Face
Arm
Smile
Time (last known to be well)
56
What is the function of the basal ganglia
Coordination of voluntary movement
Cognitive/emotion functions
57
Where are cerebral nuclei found
basal ganglia
58
What is found within the basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
59
Where is the autonomic processing center of the brain
cerebellum
-fine tunes movement
-postural muscles
60
Where is CSF made
Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles
61
What are electrically excitable cells
Neurons
62
What are neuroglial cells
supporting cells
-nutrition
-structural support
63
What is the receipting region of the neuron
Dendrite
64
What type of signal to the dendrite causes depolarization
Excitatory
65
What type of signal to the dendrite will cause hyper polarization
inhibitory
66
What is the body of the neuron known as
soma
67
What are contained within the body of the neuron
Nissl bodies (Rough ER)
Neurotransmitters
68
What happens to a gene in the neuron when it goes through protein synthesis
Gene is unregulated in the nucleus
Then transcribed into mRNA
69
Once the gene is transcribed into mRNA, what happens for protein synthesis
Transported to RER
Translated into protein
Transported to Golgi
Packaged into vesicles
Then transported through the neuron
70
What part of the neuron allows with electrical transport of a signal
Axon
71
At rest, what is the negative charge of the axon and how is that charge maintained
-70 to -90
Maintained by K+/Na+
72
What is the transport protein that is located within the axon
Kinesin
73
What happens to the proteins in the neuron once they are used
Travel back to the soma to be reused via dynien proteins
74
When nerve injury occurs, what do the dynein proteins do
Transport growth factor to encourage protein synthesis and repair
75
How are the Dynein proteins effected by viruses like rabies, polio, and herpes zoster
They are hijacked to spread the disease
76
What are synapses
site of communication between neurons
77
How are neurotransmitters released
via synaptic vesicles
78
What happens when the levels of certain neurotransmitters are altered
disease processes can occur
79
What are the main neurotransmitters in the brain
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
80
What is the responsibility of acetylcholine
transmit signals from nerve to muscle
can help with attention and neuroplasticity in the brain
81
What is the role of dopamine in the brain
It is released after a reward is received
Helps with motivation, making choices, working memory, learning
82
Which neurotransmitter plays a role is addiction and schizophrenia
Dopamine
83
What type of neurotransmitter is glutamate
excitatory
84
What is the role of glutamate
assists with learning and memory
85
What happens if too much excitement in the brain occurs
can cause excitotoxicity
86
Which neurotransmitter is associated with ALS
Glutamate
87
What is the responsibility of serotonin
Helps with mood and calming effects
88
What happens when serotonin levels drop too low
depression
89
What is the responsibility of norepinephrine
Assist with arousal, mood, vigilance, memory, stress
90
Which neurotransmitter is also a hormone
Norepinephrine
91
Which neurotransmitter is involved with both Parkinson's disease and PTSD
Norepinephrine
92
What type of neurotransmitter is GABA
Inhibitory
93
What is the MOA of GABA
Hyperpolarize the cell with prevents the calcium channels from opening
94
What does GABA assist with in the brain
learning and brain development
95
What are "DT's" and what neurotransmitter causes them
Delirium tremors
GABA
96
What can GABA be stimulated by and what can the result be
ETOH can stimulate and lead to a depressant state and eventually cause seizures
97
What are the 3 types of structural neurons
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
98
What is a multipolar neuron
This makes up majority of the CNS
Has several dendrites on one axon
99
What is a bipolar neuron
One dendrite, with one axon
100
Where are the bipolar neurons found
Sense organs
ear, eye, nose
101
Which type of neuron makes up most sensory neurons like the retina
Unipolar
102
What is the function of a sensory neuron
Bring information from the inside or outside the body
103
What is the function of an interneuron
Will link incoming sensory information and will connect to allow for output in the CNS
104
What is the function of motor neurons
Output of info
105
What are glial cells
nerve glue-> support cells in the CNS
106
What type of cells make up roughly 50% of CNS volume
Neuroglial
107
What are the types of neurooglial cells
Astrocyte
Microglia
ependymal
non-myelinated Schwann
Satellite glial
108
What do astrocytes do
Form contacts between neuronal surfaces and blood cells. Important part of BBB
109
What do microglia do
clear cellular debris
110
What do ependymal cells do
line ventricles and choroid plexus
Help with CSF production
111
What do non-myelinated Schwann cells do
Neuronal metabolic support and regrowth within PNS
112
What do satellite glial cells do
Surround sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic nerves to protect and promote cellular communication
113
What is myelin
Segments of lipid wrap that insulates the axon
Allows for saltatory conduction
114
What makes myelin in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes (white matter)
115
What do the schwann cells do in the PNS
Make myelin
Help encourage axon repair during times of injury
116
What structure helps with nutritional support to the axon
Nodes of Ranvier
