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CABS Neurology > 1000ft neurology review > Flashcards

1000ft neurology review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the aponeurosis

A

Helps raise eyebrows

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2
Q

What are the layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia

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3
Q

What is the dura mater

A

Tough external fibrous layer that adheres to the skull

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4
Q

How many layers is the dura mater

A

2
periostea and meningeal

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5
Q

What is the arachnoid

A

This intermediate layer
avascular
bridges the sulci (instead of contour)

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6
Q

What is the Pia mater

A

Delicate inner layer that adheres to the CNS

Follows the suci and gyri and creates a sheath around vasculature

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7
Q

What spaces make up the meninges

A

Epidural
subdural
subarachnoid

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8
Q

What is the epidural space

A

Potential space between the skull and dura mater

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9
Q

What structures are within the epidural space

A

Arteries and veins

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10
Q

Where is the subdural space

A

Between dura and arachnoid

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11
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space

A

Between the arachnoid and the pia

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12
Q

What is found within the subarachnoid space

A

CSF
Choroid plexus
Major arteries

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13
Q

How much cardiac output goes to the brain

A

15-20%

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14
Q

What is the only nutrient your neurons use

A

glucose

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15
Q

What is the cerebrum

A

the forebrain

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16
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum

A

processes sensory information

helps with reasoning and problem solving

regulates autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions

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17
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

hind brain

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18
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Regulates autonomic function

relays sensory info

Coordinate balance

Maintain balance and equilibrium

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19
Q

What does the midbrain do

A

Helps regulate movement

process auditory/visual information

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20
Q

Where is the insula found

A

Under the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

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21
Q

What makes up the limbic system

A

insula
-thalamus
-mamillary bodies
-hippocampus
-amygdala
-arcuate nucleus

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the insula

A

“in check area”

helps with awareness of homeostasis

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23
Q

Where is the longitudinal fissure found and what is the importance of it

A

Divides the right and left hemispheres

helps determine midline shift

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24
Q

What is the gyrus in the brain

A

Bump-> goes up

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25
Q

What is the sulcus of the brain

A

ridges-> goes down

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26
Q

What does the corpus callosum allow for

A

the connection between the right and left hemispheres of the brain

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27
Q

What makes up the brain stem

A

Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata

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28
Q

What is the function of the pons

A

Helps with breathing control
helps to process info to/from cerebellum

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29
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Autonomic reflex center
contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory sensors and sensory nuclei for reflexes

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30
Q

Which two nerve do not enter the brain via the brain stem

A

Olfactory 1
Optic 2

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31
Q

What is the white matter

A

Myelinated axon
-transmission tissue

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32
Q

What is grey matter

A

Unmyelinated central bodies and their dendrites
-decision making part of the cell

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33
Q

What is the main purpose of the blood brain barrier

A

Maintain homeostasis

Protection from free flow ions, cells, and molecules to get to the nervous tissue

Tight control over nerve exposure

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34
Q

Where is the brocas area

A

Just behind the frontal lobe

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the brocas area

A

Speech

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36
Q

What lobe does decision making take place in

A

Frontal

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37
Q

What lobe is in control of vision

A

occipital

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38
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe

A

Short term memory
image perception
Equilibrium
hearing

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39
Q

What is the main function of the parietal lobe

A

Sensation

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40
Q

What is the purpose of the hipocampus

A

Long term memory

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41
Q

What part of the brain has goal oriented behavior, short term memory, elaboration of thought

A

Preforontal

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42
Q

If you cram before an exam, which part of the brain will help you the most

A

prefrontal cortex

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43
Q

What part of the brain stops the emotional aspect of the CNS

A

Prefrontal cortex

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44
Q

Where is the brodmann area found

A

cerebral cortex

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45
Q

What is the purpose of the Brodmann area

A

helps organize motor movement

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46
Q

Where is the motor cortex found

A

pre central gyrus

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47
Q

What is the purpose of the motor cortex

A

Primary voluntary motor area

48
Q

What is a homunculus

A

Little man picture
* think motor cortex

49
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex found

A

Postcentral gyrus

50
Q

Which part of your brain helps with spatial organization

A

somatosensory cortex

51
Q

Each side of the somatosensory cortex receives its information from which side of the body

A

contralateral

52
Q

If there is injury to the brocas area, what will occur as a result

A

Expressive aphasia

53
Q

Where is the Wernicke area found

A

parietal lobe

54
Q

What part of the brain helps with reception and interpretation of speech

A

Wernicke area

55
Q

What is the FAST exam

A

Face
Arm
Smile
Time (last known to be well)

56
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia

A

Coordination of voluntary movement

Cognitive/emotion functions

57
Q

Where are cerebral nuclei found

A

basal ganglia

58
Q

What is found within the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra

59
Q

Where is the autonomic processing center of the brain

A

cerebellum
-fine tunes movement
-postural muscles

60
Q

Where is CSF made

A

Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles

61
Q

What are electrically excitable cells

A

Neurons

62
Q

What are neuroglial cells

A

supporting cells
-nutrition
-structural support

63
Q

What is the receipting region of the neuron

A

Dendrite

64
Q

What type of signal to the dendrite causes depolarization

A

Excitatory

65
Q

What type of signal to the dendrite will cause hyper polarization

A

inhibitory

66
Q

What is the body of the neuron known as

A

soma

67
Q

What are contained within the body of the neuron

A

Nissl bodies (Rough ER)
Neurotransmitters

68
Q

What happens to a gene in the neuron when it goes through protein synthesis

A

Gene is unregulated in the nucleus

Then transcribed into mRNA

69
Q

Once the gene is transcribed into mRNA, what happens for protein synthesis

A

Transported to RER

Translated into protein

Transported to Golgi

Packaged into vesicles

Then transported through the neuron

70
Q

What part of the neuron allows with electrical transport of a signal

A

Axon

71
Q

At rest, what is the negative charge of the axon and how is that charge maintained

A

-70 to -90

Maintained by K+/Na+

72
Q

What is the transport protein that is located within the axon

A

Kinesin

73
Q

What happens to the proteins in the neuron once they are used

A

Travel back to the soma to be reused via dynien proteins

74
Q

When nerve injury occurs, what do the dynein proteins do

A

Transport growth factor to encourage protein synthesis and repair

75
Q

How are the Dynein proteins effected by viruses like rabies, polio, and herpes zoster

A

They are hijacked to spread the disease

76
Q

What are synapses

A

site of communication between neurons

77
Q

How are neurotransmitters released

A

via synaptic vesicles

78
Q

What happens when the levels of certain neurotransmitters are altered

A

disease processes can occur

79
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters in the brain

A

Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA

80
Q

What is the responsibility of acetylcholine

A

transmit signals from nerve to muscle

can help with attention and neuroplasticity in the brain

81
Q

What is the role of dopamine in the brain

A

It is released after a reward is received

Helps with motivation, making choices, working memory, learning

82
Q

Which neurotransmitter plays a role is addiction and schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

83
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is glutamate

A

excitatory

84
Q

What is the role of glutamate

A

assists with learning and memory

85
Q

What happens if too much excitement in the brain occurs

A

can cause excitotoxicity

86
Q

Which neurotransmitter is associated with ALS

A

Glutamate

87
Q

What is the responsibility of serotonin

A

Helps with mood and calming effects

88
Q

What happens when serotonin levels drop too low

A

depression

89
Q

What is the responsibility of norepinephrine

A

Assist with arousal, mood, vigilance, memory, stress

90
Q

Which neurotransmitter is also a hormone

A

Norepinephrine

91
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved with both Parkinson’s disease and PTSD

A

Norepinephrine

92
Q

What type of neurotransmitter is GABA

A

Inhibitory

93
Q

What is the MOA of GABA

A

Hyperpolarize the cell with prevents the calcium channels from opening

94
Q

What does GABA assist with in the brain

A

learning and brain development

95
Q

What are “DT’s” and what neurotransmitter causes them

A

Delirium tremors

GABA

96
Q

What can GABA be stimulated by and what can the result be

A

ETOH can stimulate and lead to a depressant state and eventually cause seizures

97
Q

What are the 3 types of structural neurons

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

98
Q

What is a multipolar neuron

A

This makes up majority of the CNS

Has several dendrites on one axon

99
Q

What is a bipolar neuron

A

One dendrite, with one axon

100
Q

Where are the bipolar neurons found

A

Sense organs
ear, eye, nose

101
Q

Which type of neuron makes up most sensory neurons like the retina

A

Unipolar

102
Q

What is the function of a sensory neuron

A

Bring information from the inside or outside the body

103
Q

What is the function of an interneuron

A

Will link incoming sensory information and will connect to allow for output in the CNS

104
Q

What is the function of motor neurons

A

Output of info

105
Q

What are glial cells

A

nerve glue-> support cells in the CNS

106
Q

What type of cells make up roughly 50% of CNS volume

A

Neuroglial

107
Q

What are the types of neurooglial cells

A

Astrocyte
Microglia
ependymal
non-myelinated Schwann
Satellite glial

108
Q

What do astrocytes do

A

Form contacts between neuronal surfaces and blood cells. Important part of BBB

109
Q

What do microglia do

A

clear cellular debris

110
Q

What do ependymal cells do

A

line ventricles and choroid plexus

Help with CSF production

111
Q

What do non-myelinated Schwann cells do

A

Neuronal metabolic support and regrowth within PNS

112
Q

What do satellite glial cells do

A

Surround sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic nerves to protect and promote cellular communication

113
Q

What is myelin

A

Segments of lipid wrap that insulates the axon

Allows for saltatory conduction

114
Q

What makes myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes (white matter)

115
Q

What do the schwann cells do in the PNS

A

Make myelin

Help encourage axon repair during times of injury

116
Q

What structure helps with nutritional support to the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

CABS Neurology (11 decks)

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