1.0 Matter can be organized... Flashcards
Safety hazard shapes
Triangle: yellow- caution
Diamond: orange- warning
Octagon: red- danger
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Hazard warnings
Flammable: Toxic Explosive Irritant Corrosive Biological Electrical
WHIMIS
Workplace hazardous materials information system- easy to see warning symbols for hazardous materials
These symbols are designed to help protect people from these materials that might be harmful at work
WHIMIS symbols…
Compressed gas, dangerously reactive material, oxidizing material, poisonous and infectious causing immediate and serious toxic affects, flammable and combustible material, bio hazardous infectious material, corrosive material, poisonous and infectious causing other toxic effects
Lab safety rules
Read and listen to all instructions
Wash yours hands to before and after handling chemicals
Wear safety gloves, googles or an apron
Think before touch
Smell a substance by wafting it with your hands
Do not taste anything in the lab
Tie back hair or loose clothing
Never pour liquids into a container held in your hand
Clean up all spills
Never look into containers from the top
Never use cracked glassware
Label containers you put chemicals in
Report all accidents to the teacher
Be aware of the WHIMIS symbols on products
States of matter
Solid liquid gas
Melting
From a solid to a liquid
Evaporation
Liquid to gas
Condensation
Gas to liquid
Freezing
Liquid to a solid
Sublimation
Solid directly to gas
Deposition
Gas directly to solid
Properties
Characteristics that can be used to describe a substance
All matter has two properties: physical and chemical
Physical properties
Colour, lustre, melting point, boiling point, hardness, malleability, ductility, crystal shape, solubility, density and conductivity
Physical change
Appearance or state may be altered but it has the same composition
Ex. Ice cream melts but tastes the same
Melting point
The temperature in which a substance will change from a solid to a liquid
Melting point of ice is 0•C - at this temp it changes its physical state to water
Boiling point
The temperature in which a substance changes to the has phase. The sea levels water boiling point is 100• C
Hardness
A substances ability to resist being scratched. Usually measured on the Mohs’ hardness scale which is from 1-10
Mineral talc is the softest substance on the scale (1)
Malleability
A substance that can be pounded or rolled into sheets.
Metal such as gold and tin are malleable substances
Ductility
Any solid that can be stretched into a long wire is said to be ductile
The most common example is copper
Crystal shape
The shape of a substances crystals can help identify it.
Silicon crystals are diamond shape and salt crystals are cubes.
Solubility
The ability of a substance to be dissolved into another
Sugar is soluble me in water but cooking oil is not.
Density
The amount of mass in a given volume of s substance.
The density of water is 1 g/mL
Conductivity
The ability of a substance to conduct electricity or heat. The substances that
can conduct heat or electricity are called conductors. A substance with little or no conductivity is an insulator.
Chemical property
Describes how a substance interacts with other substances such as acids. Are only observable when their is a chemical change.
Chemical change
Results in the formation of a different substance or substances
Ex. Pancakes are made of many different ingredients to result in its physical change
Pure substance
A pure substance is made of only one kind of matter and has unique properties which set it apart from other matter. Mercury and sugar are examples. A pure substance can either be an element or a compound
Element
A material that cannot be broken down Ito a simpler substance. They are building blocks for each compound. These elements are organized into a periodic table according to their properties and each of them has a symbol. Ex. Carbon is C and oxygen is O
Compound
When two or more elements combine chemically in specific fixed proportions they form a compound. Ex. Hydrogen and oxygen combined make a compound of water, carbon and oxygen form the compound of CO2 which created fizz in carbonated drinks
Mixture
A combination of pure substances. They don’t form chemically like in compounds but they form in their original pure form even though they may not be made out individually when mixed. Their are four main types of mixtures: mechanical mixture, solution, suspension and colloid.
Mechanical mixture
When the different substances that make up the mixture are visible.
Ex. Soil and a package of mixed vegetables
Solution
The different substances that make up the mixture are not separately visible. One substance is dissolved into the other.
Solid dissolved in liquid: sugar in hot coffee
Liquid dissolved in liquid: acidic acid and water making vinegar
Gas dissolved in liquid: CO2 in water to make pop
Gas dissolved in gas: oxygen and other small empire of gases to make the atmosphere
Solid dissolved in solid: copper into silver to make sterling silver
Suspension
A cloudy mixture on which tiny particles if in substance are held in another.
Ex. Tomato juice
particles are separated when they go through filter paper.
Colloid
A cloudy mixture but the particles of the suspended substance are so small they cannot be separated out from the other substance.
Ex. Milk and ketchup
Aqueous solution
A substance dissolved in water
Ex. Fresh water, vinegar and cleaning solvents
Changes in matter: physical change
When a material moves from one state to the other and can also physically change back to its original state
Ex. Frozen juice- melts, freezes and than thaws again
Changes in matter: chemical change
Occurs when two or more materials react and create new materials. The new materials have completely different properties when combined.
Ex. Changes in colour, odour, state or thermal
Change in colour
When bleach is added to the dye of a denim jacket the colour changes
Change in odour
When a match is struck the chemicals give off odour
Formation of a solid or gas ( state change)
When vinegar (liquid) is added to baking soda (solid), carbon dioxide is formed
Real ease or absorption of energy (thermal)
When gasoline burns in an engine it gives off heat
Controlling changes in matter to meet human needs: freeze-dryed foods
When we freeze-dry foods it allows it to preserve for a long time and takes up little space. When we freeze-dry foods we freeze the food and put it through a pressure chamber to make the ice change from a solid to a gas. Than you add it to hit water and stir to eat!
Controlling changed in matter to meet human needs: corn to remover and plastic
Chemicals made from corn are used to make pop bottle, paint and nail polish remover and to fuel some cars. Corn goes through the process of chemical change called fermentation. After this process the substances are recovered, purified and than used to make products. The removers made from the chemical is bad for the environment whereas the plastic products are not
