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Year 11 Psychology 2024 > 10. Development > Flashcards

10. Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptive behaviours

A

activity that enhances an individual’s ability to match the changing demands of their everyday life

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2
Q

Adolescence

A

the developmental period beginning after the onset of puberty from approximately 10 to 20 years old

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

the cognitive process of **incorporating new information into an existing schema **

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4
Q

Attachment

A

a long-lasting emotional bond between an infant anf their primary caregiver

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5
Q

Attachment theory

A

theory that suggests that the bond formed between children and their primary caregivers determines the nature of the child’s emotional development into adulthood

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6
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

a holistic, interdisciplinary framework for understanding the human experience in terms of the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors

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7
Q

Biological factors

A

internal genetic and/ or physiologically based factors

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8
Q

Psychological factors

A

internal factors pertaining to an individual’s mental processes, including their cognition, affect, thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes

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9
Q

Concrete thinking

A

a type of thought based on knowledge acquired through personal experience which involves literal interpretations of tangible concepts

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10
Q

Conservation

A

the ability to understand that the properties of an object stay the same even when the object’s appearance is altered

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11
Q

Critical periods

A

the narrow, rigid developmental period in which a specific skill or function must be learnt

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12
Q

Difficult temperament

A

relatively stable disposition in which infants are unhappy and have irregular sleeping and eating patterns

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13
Q

Disorganised attachment

A

infant displays problematic and unpredictable behaviours, usually due to extremely negative early life experiences

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14
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

twins who are not identical due to variations in the genes they inherited

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15
Q

Easy temperament

A

relatively stable disposition in which infants are warm and friendly and have established sleeping and eating patterns

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16
Q

Egocentrism

A

inability to understand the perspectives of others

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17
Q

Emotional development

A

the continuous, life-long development of skills which allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way

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18
Q

Environmental factors

A

factors which influence development that arise from an individual’s physical and social surroundings

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19
Q

Social factors

A

external factors relating to an individual’s interactions with others and their external environment, including their relationships and community involvement

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20
Q

Frontal lobe development

A

the growth and neural maturation of the frontal lobe

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21
Q

Genetics

A

the unique, cellular makeup of each individual which is inherited from biological parents

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22
Q

Genetic Predisposition

A

increased likelihood to develop certain traits, including diseases, if certain conditions are met

23
Q

Goal-directed behaviour

A

the ability to behave in a way which meets the demands of a goal that has been purposefully set out

24
Q

Hereditary factors

A

factors which influence development that are genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring

25
Q

Infancy

A

the developmental period from birth until one years old

26
Q

Insecure-anxious attachment

A

the infant fluctuates between clinging to and rejecting their primary caregiver, usually due to the caregiver inconsistently meeting the infant’s needs

27
Q

Insecure-avoidant attachment

A

the infant may be reluctant to or avoid contact from their primary caregiver, usually formed due to a lack of responsiveness to their needs

28
Q

Maturation

A

the biologically programmed changes which facilitate development from conception through to adulthood

29
Q

Mental wellbeing

A

an individual’s current psychological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions

30
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

twins who are identical due to inheriting the exact same genes

31
Q

Nature versus nurture debate

A

a debate which questions whether development is dependent on hereditary (nature) or environmental (nurture) factors

32
Q

Object permanence

A

the understanding that an object still exists when it is unable to be seen, heard, or touched

33
Q

Psychological development

A

an individual’s changes across multiple domains, including the life-long growth across emotional, cognitive and social domains

34
Q

Reversibility

A

the understanding that objects can experience change and then return to their original form

35
Q

Schema

A

mental representation of a concept developed through experience

36
Q

Secure attachment

A

style of attachment formed by a strong emotional bond between the infant and their primary caregiver due to the caregiver consistently meeting the needs of the infant

37
Q

Sensitive periods

A

the optimal developmental period for a specific function or skill to be learnt

38
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

a more sophisticated type of thought based on the ability to represent concepts, draw conclusions, and understand hypothetical constructs

39
Q

Temperament

A

the relatively stable disposition of an individual, including the typical behaviours and emotions they express

40
Q

Typical behaviour

A

an activity that is consistent with how an individual usually behaves

41
Q

Atypical behaviour

A

an activity that is unusual or unnatural according to how an individual usually behaves

42
Q

Societal norms

A

society’s unofficial rules and expectations regarding how individuals should act

43
Q

Statistical rarity

A

something that lies outside the range of statistical normality and is also unusual enough to be considered significant

44
Q

Personal distress

A

an aversive and often self-oriented emotional reaction

45
Q

Maladaptive behaviour

A

an action that impairs an individual’s ability to meet the changing demands of their everyday life

46
Q

Normality

A

the state of having thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that are considered common and acceptable

47
Q

Abnormality

A

the state of deviating from the norm, usually in a way that is undesirable

48
Q

Neurodivergent

A

individuals who have a variation in neurological development and functioning

49
Q

Neurodiversity

A

variations in neurological development and functioning within and between groups of people, such as those experienced by people with autism

50
Q

Neurotypicality

A

individuals who display neurological and cognitive functioning in a way that is typical or expected

51
Q

Autism-Spectrum Disorder

A

neurodevelopmental condition characterised by impaired social interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties, narrow interests, and repetitive behaviour

52
Q

Attention-Defecit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

neurological condition characterised by persistent inattention or hyperactivity that disrupts social, academic, or occupational functioning

53
Q

Dyslexia

A

neurologically based learning difficulty manifested as severe challenges in reading, spelling, writing words, and sometimes in arithmetic

54
Q

Psychiatrist

A

doctor who specialises in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and study of mental, behavioural, and personality disorders

Year 11 Psychology 2024 (12 decks)

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