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Year 11 Psychology 2024 > 05. Perception > Flashcards

05. Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Accommodation

A

in visual perception, a monocular depth cue involving the automatic focusing of the lens in the eye to adjust shape in response to changes in the distance of view from an object

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2
Q

Agnosia

A

loss or impairment of the ability to recognise and identify objects, persons, sounds or other sensory stimuli using one or more of the senses due to brain injury

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3
Q

Ames Room illusion

A

perceptual misinterpretation involving a trapezium-shaped room which appears rectangular when viewed through a peephole using only one eye and people appear small or large, depending on where they stand in the room

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4
Q

Attention

A

the process of focusing on specific stimuli or aspects of the sensory environment whilst ignoring and therefore excluding others

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5
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

the use of both eyes working together in order to provide information to the brain about depth and distance

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6
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

the perceptual process starts ‘at the bottom’ with raw sensory information that is sent ‘up’ to the brain for higher level mental ‘processing’

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7
Q

Cones

A

photoreceptors that allow someone to see colour and fine details in well-lit conditions p. 308

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8
Q

Convergence

A

a visual perception binocular depth cue involving the inward turning of the eyes to focus on nearby objects

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9
Q

Cranial nerves

A

the nerves which extend from the tongue to the brain, along which gustatory information is transmitted p. 320

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10
Q

Closure

A

a Gestalt principle of visual perception that involves a perceptual tendency to mentally ‘close up’, fill in or ignore gaps in a visual image and to perceive objects as complete

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11
Q

Divided attention

A

the ability to distribute attention so that two or more activities may be performed simultaneously

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12
Q

Depth cues

A

visual clues that allow someone to judge the distance or depth of stimuli in their environment p. 312

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13
Q

Eye

A

the sensory organ for vision p. 308

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14
Q

Fallibility

A

the quality of being prone to error or experiencing difficulties in judgement p. 327

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15
Q

Gestalt principles

A

guiding rules of perception that allow us to organise independent visual signals into meaningful wholes p. 310

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16
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

the region of the cerebral cortex responsible for the perception of taste

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17
Q

Gustation

A

the sense of taste

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18
Q

Gustatory receptors

A

the sensory receptors which detect chemical molecules in food p. 320

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19
Q

Height in the visual field

A

a visual perception monocular depth cue involving a perceptual tendency to visually perceive objects located closer to the horizon as being more distant than objects located further from the horizon

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20
Q

Interposition

A

a visual perception monocular depth cue based on the principle that an object which partially covers another is closer than the object it covers and the covered object is further away; also called overlap

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21
Q

Interpretation

A

the process of understanding and assigning meaning to sensory information p. 303

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22
Q

Linear perspective

A

a visual perception monocular depth cue based on the apparent convergence of actual or imagined parallel lines as they recede into the distance

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23
Q

Monocular depth cue

A

the use of only one eye to provide information to the brain about depth and distance

24
Q

Miraculin

A

a protein found in the fleshy part of a miracle berry that has a taste changing effect whereby a sweet taste is perceived

25
Q

Muller-lyer illusion

A

a visual illusion in which one of two lines of equal length, each of which has opposite shaped ends, is incorrectly perceived as being longer than the other

26
Q

Neuronal reception

A

the process in which a neuron accepts (receives) a message p. 99

27
Q

Optic nerve

A

the two nerves which extend from the back of the eye to the brain, along which visual information is transmitted to the brain p. 308

28
Q

figure-ground organisation

A

a Gestalt principle of visual perception, that involves organising visual information by perceptually dividing a visual scene into a ‘figure’, which stands out from the ‘ground’, which is its surroundings

29
Q

Perception

A

the process of selecting, organising, and interpreting sensory information to be able to understand it p. 302

30
Q

Perceptual distortion

A

an error in the judgement or interpretation of sensory stimuli p. 327

31
Q

Perceptual set

A

a predisposition to perceive stimuli in a certain way due to a range of factors including a perceiver’s mood, motivations, context, and past experiences p. 314, 323

32
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

In occipital lobe- receives and processes visual information from the eyes

33
Q

Photoreceptors

A

the sensory receptors of the eye which receive light and are responsible for the process of transduction p. 308

34
Q

Reception

A

when a sensory stimulus is first detected by a sensory organ p. 299

35
Q

Receptive field

A

the space in which a sensory stimulus can be detected by a sensory receptor p. 300

36
Q

Relative size

A

a visual perception monocular depth cue involving perceptual tendency to visually perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closer and the object that produces the smallest image as being further away (when objects are expected to be the same size)

37
Q

Retinal disparity

A

a visual perception binocular depth cue based on the difference (disparity) of the two retinal images

38
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptors that allow someone to see in low levels of light p. 308

39
Q

Proximity

A

a Gestalt principle of visual perception, that involves a tendency to perceive parts of a visual image which are positioned close together as belonging together in a group; also called nearness

40
Q

Sensation

A

the process of receiving and detecting raw sensory information via our sensory organs and sending it to the brain p. 299

41
Q

selective attention

A

choosing and attending to a specific stimulus whilst at the same time excluding other stimuli

42
Q

Similarity

A

Gestalt principle of visual perception that involves a tendency to perceive parts of a visual image that have similar features, such as size, shape, texture or colour

43
Q

Spatial neglect

A

a neurological disorder whereby individuals are unable to notice anything either on their left or right side even though there may be no sensory loss; also called visual neglect

44
Q

Synaesthesia

A

a perceptual phenomenon characterised by the experience of unusual perceptions in one sensory system after another sensory system has been activated p. 331

45
Q

Synaesthete

A

a person who experiences synaesthesia p. 331

46
Q

sustained attention

A

maintenance of attention on a specific stimulus or task for a continuous period of time without being distracted

47
Q

Texture gradient

A

a visual perception monocular depth cue based on the extent to which fine detail can be perceived in a surface

48
Q

top-down processing

A

a perceptual process that starts ‘at the top’ with higher level ‘cognitive processing’ in the brain and then works ‘down’ from the whole to the details

49
Q

Taste

A

the sensation and perception of flavour p. 319

50
Q

Taste buds

A

clusters of gustatory receptors on the tongue p. 320

51
Q

Tongue

A

the primary sensory organ involved in taste p. 320

52
Q

Transduction

A

the conversion of raw sensory information detected by sensory receptors into a form that can be sent to the brain p. 300

53
Q

Transmission

A

the process of sending sensory information as a neural impulse to the part of the brain responsible for processing sensory information p. 301

54
Q

Vision

A

the sensory system which allows us to see our internal and external environment p. 307

55
Q

Visual illusion

A

the perception of a visual stimulus in a way that conflicts with how it is in physical reality p. 327

56
Q

Visual perception principles

A

guiding rules that apply to visual signals and determine how they are organised and interpreted p. 310

Year 11 Psychology 2024 (12 decks)

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