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Year 11 Psychology 2024 > 09. L8-14 Brain and NS > Flashcards

09. L8-14 Brain and NS Flashcards

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1
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections due to high frequency stimulation / activation

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2
Q

Long-term depression

A

long-lasting weakening of synaptic connections due to low frequency stimulation / activation

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3
Q

Glutamate

A

Main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Involved in learning and memory.

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4
Q

GABA

A

Gamma-amino butyric acid, main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. involved in calming the stress response/slowing physiological arousal

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5
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

makes post-synaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential

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5
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

makes post-synaptic neuron less likely to fire an action potential

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5
Q

Lock and Key process

A

process of neural communication in the synapse (between neurons)- “key” is neurotransmitter, “lock” is receptor site

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6
Q

synapse

A

includes 3 key components- synaptic gap, pre-synaptic terminal button, and post-synaptic dendrite

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7
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning model. Unconscious in nature/ involuntary process of creating an association between two previously unrelated stimuli

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8
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

elicits no relevant response before conditioning

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9
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

elicits reflexive/involuntary response before conditioning

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10
Q

Unconditioned response (UCR)

A

reflexive/unconscious response to UCS before conditioning

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11
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

previously the neutral stimulus, produces learned response AFTER conditioning

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12
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

learned response to CS after conditioning

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13
Q

Operant conditioning

A

voluntary/conscious behaviour learned by associating antecedent with behaviour and resulting consequence

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14
Q

Antecedent

A

discriminative stimulus - precedes or prompts the learner’s behaviour

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15
Q

Behaviour

A

voluntary action of learner, comes after antecedent

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16
Q

Consequence

A

applied after behaviour- can be reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of behaviour being repeated.

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17
Q

reinforcement

A

increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated in future

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18
Q

punishment

A

decreases likelihood behaviour being repeated in future

19
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

ADDITION of POSITIVE stimulus

20
Q

negative reinforcement

A

REMOVAL of negative/aversive stimulus (positive outcome for learner)

21
Q

Plasticity

A

Neural plasticity refers to the manner in which the brain changes in response to stimulation from the environment.

22
Q

positive punishment

A

ADDITION of NEGATIVE stimulus

23
Q

negative punishment (response cost)

A

REMOVAL of positive/desirable stimulus (bad outcome for learner)

24
Q

5 stages of developmental plasticity

A

Proliferation
Migration
Synaptogenesis
Synaptic Pruning
Myelination

25
Q

adaptive plasticity

A

Neural changes due to one or more of the following:
* A change in the environmental conditions (i.e., adapting to environmental changes)
* Learning new concepts
* Re-learning something after brain injury.

26
Q

2 types of adaptive plasticity

A
27
Q

sprouting

A

New dendrites grow to enable new connections between neurons after damage

28
Q

rerouting

A

Neurons near damaged area seek new active connections with healthy neurons

29
Q

Proliferation

A

unborn baby’s neurons divide and multiply at a rapid rate

30
Q

Migration

A

new neurons in the foetus and newborn move to their location in Nervous System

31
Q

Myelination

A

development of thick myelin sheaths which speeds up neural transmission (i.e., makes messages more efficient). This process continues through to very late adolescence.

32
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

creation of multiple connections between neurons.

33
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

the removal of connections that have not formed strong pathways and are no longer needed

34
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A
  • type of ABI that occurs when an *external force causes damage to the brain. *
  • brain slams against the inside of the skull- brain tissue may bleed, bruise, stretch, tear, twist or become swollen.
35
Q

Non-traumatic brain injury

A

damage to the brain caused by internal factors, e.g. lack of oxygen (stroke), tumor, or degenerative disease

36
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

neurodegenerative disease classified by death of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms

37
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter involved in motivation and voluntary movement

38
Q

Biological underpinnings of Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra die/degenerate,
  • leading to less Dopamine production and less available for Basal Ganglia-
  • therefore slowed and less coordinated motor movements (motor symptoms)
39
Q

Epilepsy

A
40
Q

Gut-brain axis

A

Bi-directional relationship between the brain (CNS) and gut (digestive tract/enteric NS). Gut microbiota impacts brain functioning, mental health, stress etc (and vice versa)

41
Q

Concussion

A

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth.
This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, disrupting neuronal activity and sometimes stretching and damaging brain tissue and cells.

42
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

neurodegenerative disease caused by repeated blows to the head/ repeated concussions. Leads to significant memory deficits, cognition problems, and mental health disorders including depression and suicide ideation.

43
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

Build up of Tao proteins INSIDE neurons (within axon) which cause a tangle/clump to form that blocks transmission and leads to neuron death

44
Q

Motor symptoms of parkinson’s disease

A

Tremor, rigidity, poor balance, poor posture, slowed motor movement (Bradykinesia)

45
Q

Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

sleep issues, fatigue, cognitive decline, depression and anxiety

46
Q

Sensitive period

A

the period of time when an organism is more responsive to certain stimulation

47
Q

Critical period

A

the narrow period of time where development is preprogramed for learning to occur. If learning does not occur in this window, it will never occur.

Year 11 Psychology 2024 (12 decks)

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