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Year 11 Psychology 2024 > 06. Nervous System and Brain Pt. 1 L1-5 > Flashcards

06. Nervous System and Brain Pt. 1 L1-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ablation

A

the surgical removal, destruction or cutting of tissue

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2
Q

Axon

A

Long strand-like part of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to the axon terminals of a neuron

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3
Q

Axon terminals

A

the ends of a neuron that release a message into the synapse

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4
Q

Brain versus heart debate

A

a historical debate surrounding whether the heart or the brain was responsible for thoughts, feelings, and behaviour

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5
Q

Computerised tomography (CT)

A

a STRUCTURAL neuroimaging technique that involves taking continuous two-dimensional x-ray images of a person’s brain or body in order to provide both two and three-dimensional images

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6
Q

Contralateral functions

A

the role of each cerebral hemisphere to receive sensory information from, and control the movement of, the opposite side of the body

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

the bushy spines of a neuron that receive a message

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8
Q

Dualism

A

in the mind-body problem, the view that the mind and the body are separate and distinguishable things

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9
Q

Electrical brain stimulation (EBS)

A

a research or therapeutic technique that involves electrically stimulating parts of the brain to then observe the relevant behavioural response

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10
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

a FUNCTIONAL neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic and radio fields to take two and three-dimensional images of the brain and its activity levels. Detects changes in oxygen levels and blood to show brain function (higher uptake of oxygen indicates greater brain activity)

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11
Q

GABA (Gamma amino-butyric acid)

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter: means it makes the post synaptic neuron less likely to fire an action potential. It slows neural transmission e.g reduces stress response

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12
Q

Glutamate

A

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Makes post-synaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. Glutamate is therefore associated with Cognition, Memory, Learning, Behaviour, Movement

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13
Q

Hemispheric specialisation

A

the idea that each of the brain’s cerebral hemispheres has its own specialisations

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14
Q

Localisation of function

A

the psychological principle that suggests that different areas of the brain are responsible for different behaviours and mental processes

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15
Q

Lock and Key process

A

The distinct molecular structure of the neurotransmitter being matched by the receptor site means that the receptor site will only respond to specific neurotransmitters and ignore others.

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16
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a neuroimaging technique that uses magnetic and radio fields to take two and three-dimensional images of the brain

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17
Q

Mind-body problem

A

a debate that questions whether our mind and body are separate and distinguishable things or whether they are the same thing

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18
Q

Monism

A

in the mind-body problem, the view that the mind and the body are one and the same thing

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19
Q

Motor messages

A

information about voluntary movement transmitted from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

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20
Q

Myelin

A

the fat and protein substance that surrounds and insulates the axon of a neuron

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21
Q

Myelination

A

the formation of myelin around the axons of neurons

22
Q

Nervous system

A

the complex network of specialised cells in the body that allows the communication of information around the body about the internal and external environment

23
Q

Neuroimaging

A

a range of techniques used to capture images of the brain’s structure, function and activities

24
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell responsible for transmitting, receiving, and processing information

25
Q

Neurotransmission

A

the process in which a neuron sends a message

26
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

a branch of the ANS responsible for returning and maintaining the body’s visceral organs, muscles and glands at optimal and balanced functioning

27
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

all nerves outside the CNS, responsible for carrying information to and from the CNS

28
Q

Phrenology

A

the study of the shape and size of the human skull to determine personality and mental functioning

29
Q

Plasticity

A

the ability of the brain to physically change in response to experience and learning

30
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

a neuroimaging technique that uses a scanning device to take coloured images of the brain, showing its functional activity and structure by tracing the levels of a radioactive substance in the brain

31
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

the neuron that receives a message from the synapse

32
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

the neuron that releases a message into the synapse

33
Q

Sensory messages

A

information about the body’s sensations transmitted from the PNS to the CNS

34
Q

Sensory receptors

A

the receptors on a neuron that specialise in receiving information about specific kinds of sensory stimuli

35
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

muscles connected to the skeleton that are involved in conscious, voluntary movement- utilised in the Somatic NS

36
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

the branch of the PNS responsible for sending motor information from the CNS to the body’s skeletal muscles, and bringing sensory information from the body to the CNS in order to formulate voluntary responses

37
Q

Spinal cord

A

a long cable of nerve tissue connecting the brain to the peripheral nervous system, responsible for carrying motor information from the brain, and sensory information from the body

38
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

a branch of the ANS responsible for activating the body’s visceral organs, muscles, and glands for increased activity or when under threat

39
Q

Synapse

A

the area in which neurotransmission occurs between two neurons, **including the sending end of the presynaptic neuron, the gap between two neurons, and the receiving end of the postsynaptic neuron **

40
Q

Synaptic gap

A

the space between two neurons into which a neuronal message is transmitted

41
Q

Karl Lashley’s two key conclusions about the brain based on ablation studies:

A

Mass action: large areas of the brain function as a whole for complex functions (if part of brain is destroyed , loss of function will depend on amount of destroyed cortex)
Equipotentiality: healthy part of the cortex can take over the function of an injured part (plasticity)

42
Q

Lobotomy

A

devised by Moniz
Involves scraping away (via the eye) most of the connections in the prefrontal cortex (the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain).

43
Q

split-brain surgery

A

Split brain surgery involved cutting the band of nerve tissue (corpus callosum) connecting the two hemispheres.

44
Q

Sperry and Gazzaniga split-brain studies: key findings

A

The left hemisphere is responsible for the organisation of language expression and comprehension, and when images/words are not processed in this hemisphere, they cannot be verbally stated.
This is because information processed in the right hemisphere (the image seen) could not be transferred as it would be in an intact brain, via the corpus callosum, to the left hemisphere for language processing.

45
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

DARE

A

Detects, amplifies and records general patterns of electrical activity within the brain

46
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. It processes sensory information to activate appropriate actions.

47
Q

Autonomic NS (ANS) functions

A

The autonomic system is responsible for AUTOmatic responses.
It carries information to internal bodily structures (e.g., heart, lungs, glands) that carry out basic life functions.

48
Q

Autonomic NS sub-divisions

A

Divided into three main systems: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic, and Enteric.

49
Q

Physiological changes associated with Sympathetic NS

A

Slows digestion
Increases heart rate
Dilates pupils
Diverts blood away from the stomach to muscles (which may need it more)

50
Q

Physiological changes associated with Parasympathetic NS

A

Heart rate lowers
Blood pressure lowers
Pupils constrict
Stop sweating
Digestion increases
Bladder control again

51
Q

Where is the enteric NS found?

A

The ENS consists of nerve cells (neurons) lining the gastrointestinal tract.

52
Q

Key functions of Enteric NS

A

Coordinates rhythmic muscle contractions that move material along the digestive tract.
Regulates gastric acid secretion, changes in blood flow and the release of gut hormones.
Interacts with the immune system

Year 11 Psychology 2024 (12 decks)

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