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Year 11 Psychology 2024 > 04. Social Psychology > Flashcards

04. Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

actor-observer bias

A

the tendency to attribute one’s own behaviour to external or situational factors, while attributing others’ behaviour to internal or personal factors

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2
Q

anti-conformity

A

the deliberate refusal to comply with accepted standards in a society, it is often accompanied by the expression of ideas, beliefs, or judgments that challenge those standards

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3
Q

affect heuristic

A

making a judgment that is influenced by the emotion being experienced at the time

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4
Q

Affective component of an attitude

A

in the tricomponent model, the emotional reaction or feeling an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue

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5
Q

Aggregation

A

a collection of people in one location who have no obvious social structure or organisation, and who have minimal shared purpose

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6
Q

anchoring bias

A

cognitive bias influencing the tendency to rely heavily on the very first piece of information received (called the anchor) when making a decision and to not modify this anchor sufficiently in light of later information

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7
Q

attentional bias

A

cognitive bias influencing the tendency to prioritise attention to certain information (or other stimuli) over other information

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8
Q

attitude

A

an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue

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9
Q

Behavioural component of an attitude

A

in the tricomponent model of attitudes, the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions (or how we might behave should the opportunity arise)

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10
Q

Body language

A

non-verbal communication involving expression of feelings and thoughts through facial expressions, eye gaze, posture, gestures or other movements

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11
Q

Cognitive bias

A

a mistaken way of thinking that leads to systematic errors of judgment and faulty decision-making

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12
Q

Cognitive component

A

our thoughts and beliefs towards something p. 346

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13
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

an unpleasant psychological state that occurs when people become aware that there is inconsistency among their various beliefs, attitudes or other ‘cognitions’, or that their behaviour conflicts with their cognitions

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14
Q

Cognitive intervention- reducing prejudice

A

in relation to reducing prejudice, changing the way someone thinks about prejudice

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15
Q

Conformity

A

the alignment of one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviour to match those of others or societal expectations p. 393

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16
Q

Compliance

A

changing one’s behaviour in response to a request to do so, even if not made by an authority figure

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17
Q

Constructive obedience

A

when there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a positive outcome

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18
Q

Attribution

A

the process by which we explain the cause of our own or another person’s behaviour; also used to refer to the explanation we come up with

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19
Q

Availability heuristic

A

making a judgment based on how easy or difficult it is to bring specific examples to mind

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20
Q

Deindividuation

A

reduced self-awareness, inhibition, feelings of personal responsibility and inner restraint that can occur when in a group or crowd

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21
Q

Destructive obedience

A

when there is compliance with the orders of an authority that results in a negative outcome

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22
Q

direct discrimination

A

when someone treats another person unfavourably because of a personal characteristic protected by the law; compare with indirect discrimination

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23
Q

Discrimination

A

the unjust treatment of people due to their membership within a certain social category p. 355

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24
Q

Dunning-Kruger effect

A

cognitive bias whereby people overestimate their knowledge or ability, particularly in areas with which they have little to no knowledge or experience

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25
Q

External attribution

A

a judgement of the causes of a behaviour as resulting from forces outside the individual performing the behaviour p. 360

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26
Q

Explicit prejudice

A

consciously held and usually deliberately thought about

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27
Q

Expressive behaviour

A

in relation to emotion, an overt expression of behaviour which communicates an emotion

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28
Q

False- consensus bias

A

cognitive bias influencing the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people are like them in terms of sharing beliefs, personal characteristics or behaviours

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29
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

the tendency to overemphasise personal characteristics and ignore situational factors when judging the behaviour of others.

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30
Q

Group

A

two or more people who interact and influence each other and share a common objective p. 374

31
Q

Groupthink

A

a way of thinking by individual members of a group characterised by a strong tendency to seek agreement when decision-making or problem-solving

32
Q

Halo Effect

A

the tendency to allow an overall positive impression of a person or a specific quality to influence beliefs and expectations about the person in other qualities

33
Q

Heuristic

A

a strategy for solving a problem or making a decision that is based on experience with similar types of problems but cannot guarantee a correct outcome

34
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

cognitive bias influencing the tendency, only after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen

35
Q

Informational influence

A

the influence of observable behaviours and information on an individual, influencing their behaviour in certain situations or environments p. 398

36
Q

Internal attribution

A

a judgement of the causes of a behaviour as resulting from features of the individual performing the behaviour p. 360

37
Q

Implicit prejudice

A

prejudice that is unconsciously held so the individual is usually unaware of it; compare with explicit prejudice

38
Q

Ingroup

A

any group to which an individual belongs or with which an individual identifies; compare with outgroup

39
Q

Indirect discrimination

A

unreasonable requirement, condition or practice that disadvantages a person, or a group of people, because of a personal characteristic; compare with direct discrimination

40
Q

Just-world belief

A

the belief that the world is a just place in which people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get; also called just-world fallacy or just-world hypothesis

41
Q

Media

A

the form in which information is spread throughout society p. 419

42
Q

Misinformation effect

A

cognitive bias influencing the tendency for information acquired after an event to influence the accuracy of the memory of the original event

43
Q

Modern prejudice

A

a form of prejudice which tends to be subtle, hidden and expressed in ways more likely to be accepted within the majority group; compare with old-fashioned prejudice

44
Q

Normative influence

A

the influence of social norms on an individual, influencing a person to act in certain ways which align with social norms p. 397

45
Q

Obedience

A

adhering to the instructions of authority figures or the rules or laws of society p. 383

46
Q

Overt bullying

A

visible forms of bullying, such as causing physical harm or name calling p. 413

47
Q

Old-fashioned prejudice

A

a form of prejudice in which members of the majority group openly reject minority group members and their views towards the minority group are obvious and recognisable to others; compare with modern prejudice

48
Q

Optimism bias

A

cognitive bias influencing the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of experiencing positive events and underestimate the likelihood of experiencing negative events in the future

49
Q

Outgroup

A

any group to which an individual does not belong or identify; compare with ingroup

50
Q

Personal factors

A

influences on helping that stem from within the individual who is or is not going to help p. 406

51
Q

Person perception

A

the mental processes used to think about and evaluate other people

52
Q

Physical cue

A

in person perception, information gained from the way people look and act

53
Q

Power

A

the extent to which an individual can influence or control another individual’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour p. 375

54
Q

Prejudice

A

a negative feeling held against people within a certain group or social category p. 355

55
Q

Prosocial behaviour

A

behaviour that is intentionally and voluntarily performed in order to help another person or society p. 403

56
Q

Role

A

the behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them that influences the way in which they functio

57
Q

Salience

A

in relation to person perception, any personal characteristic that is distinctive, prominent, conspicuous or noticeable and therefore attracts attention

58
Q

Self-serving bias

A

when judging ourselves, the tendency to take the credit for our successes (internal factors) and attribute failures to external situational factors

59
Q

Social categorisation

A

the process of classifying people into different groups on the basis of common characteristics

60
Q

Situational factors

A

elements of the environment or context a person is in that influences whether they help p. 404

61
Q

The horn effect

A

The horn effect involves an incorrect assumption that a negative characteristic indicates the presence of one or more other negative characteristics.

62
Q

Social behaviour

A

any action that is influenced, directly or indirectly, by the actual, imagined, expected, or implied presence of others

63
Q

Social cognition

A

how individuals perceive, think about and use information to understand and make judgments about themselves and others in different social situations

64
Q

social comparison

A

the process of evaluating our attitudes and abilities by comparing ourselves to others

65
Q

Social factors (on helping)

A

influences on helping that stem from other people and societal expectations p. 408

66
Q

Social loafing

A

the tendency to put in less effort when in a group than a person would when alone p. 398

67
Q

Social media

A

types of media that allow people to interact with others p. 419

68
Q

Social norms

A

society’s unofficial rules and expectations regarding how we ought to act that most people follow without thinking p. 394, 408

69
Q

Status

A

an individual’s position within a group as perceived by other members of that group p. 375

70
Q

Stereotype

A

a widely held belief and generalisation about a group of people p. 354

71
Q

Superordinate goal

A

a goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals which each group might have

72
Q

The bystander effect

A

the social psychological phenomenon which suggests that the presence (or imagined presence) of other people in an emergency situation reduces the likelihood that someone will provide help p. 405

73
Q

Tri-component model of attitudes

A

a model which illustrates the relationship between the affective, behavioural and cognitive components of our attitudes p. 346

74
Q

Unanimity

A

complete agreement among two or more individuals p. 397

Year 11 Psychology 2024 (12 decks)

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