1. Introduction and Orientation Flashcards
What are the subdivisions of Anatomy?
Cytology
Histology
Gross Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Regional (Topographical) Anatomy
Pathological Anatomy
Involves examining cells from bodily tissues or fluids to determine a diagnosis
Cytology
The microscopic study of tissues and organs through sectioning, staining, and examining those sections under a microscope
Histology
Deals with the structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye by means of cadaveric dissections
Gross Anatomy
Subdivides the body into organ systems that work together towards a common goal or function
Examples: integumentary, digestive, skeletal, muscular
Systemic Anatomy
The study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body, emphasizing the relations between various structures (muscles, nerves, and arteries) in that region
A part (section) of a system
Regional (Topographical) Anatomy
A branch of pathology and medicine that deals with the diagnosis of diseases based on the macroscopic examination of surgical and microscopic parts for the examination of cells and tissues
Pathological Anatomy
What is Anatomical Position?
Body is erect
Upper limbs hand at the side
Palms facing forward
Fingers extended
Feet flat on the floor
Face straight ahead
What is Anterior (Ventral)?
Towards the front
Before or in front of
Direction which denotes the front or forward part
What is Posterior (Dorsal)?
Towards the back
Behind
Position of direction towards the back
What is Superior (Cranial/Cephalad)?
Anatomically towards the head
More elevated in place or position
What is Inferior (Caudal)?
Beneath
Lower in place or position
Undersurface of an organ
Indicating a structure below another structure
Towards feet
What is Medial?
Nearer to the midline
Closer to the median place
Opposite of lateral position
What is lateral?
Away from the middle of body
A position or direction away from the midline
Toward the sides
What is the difference between Unilateral and Bilateral?
Unilateral is one side whereas bilateral is 2 sides
What is the difference between Ipsilateral and Contralateral?
Ipsilateral is both on the same side of the body
Contralateral is both on the opposite sides of the body
What is Proximal?
Closer to the trunk
Nearest point of attachment
Closer to the center of the body
What is Distal?
Further from the attachment (trunk)
What is internal?
A directional term that means inside or closer to the center of an organ or cavity
What is external?
A directional term that means outside or further from the center of an organ or cavity
What is Parietal?
Forming the wall of a cavity
The outside of the wall
What is Visceral?
The inside of the wall, in contact with the organ that needs protection
Pertaining to the internal organs contained within a cavity
What is Peripheral?
Pertaining to the outer surface of the body or body part
Located away from the center
How many cranial nerves do we have?
12
What is central?
Situated at or pertaining to a center or central point
Starting point is the spinal cord
What is superficial?
Closer to the surface
Example: The skin is superficial to the bones
The Ribs are superficial to the heart
What is deep?
Below the surface
Towards the central part of a structure
Example: Lungs are deep to the ribs
Ribs are deep to the skin
What is Mid Sagittal (Median)?
An imaginary vertical line
Divides the body equally (right down the middle)
What does sagittal mean?
Greek
Arrow
Cut down the line
What is the Sagittal plane?
Divides the body and its parts into right and left portions
What is Para Sagittal?
The left and right portions of the divided line are unequal
What is Transverse (Horizontal) Plane?
An imaginary plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections
Perpendicular to the coronal place and sagittal plane
What is the Frontal (Coronal) Plane?
Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections
What is the Oblique plane?
Slanting, Inclination
Neither perpendicular or parallel
The body is divided in a diagonal (45 degree) angle
What are the Levels of Structural Organization?
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
What is a cell?
The smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes
True or False:
A cell can replicate itself independently
True
What are the 4 basic types of tissues?
Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective
What is an organ? What do they do?
Made of 2+ tissues
Works together to perform specific functions
What is a system?
A group of organs interacting to perform a particular function
What is Bilateral Symmetry?
An organism whose right and left halves are similar images of each other
** LOOK AT THE BODY CAVITIES IMAGES
What are the general body regions?
Head (Cranium and face)
Neck (Cervical area)
Trunk (Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis)
Upper extremities (includes pectoral girdle)
Lower extremities (includes pelvic girdle)
