09. Digestive System Flashcards
What is included in the alimentary canal?
Mouth (Oral or Buccal cavity)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
What are some accessory organs?
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
What is the mouth formed by?
Cheeks
Lips (labia)
Hard palate
Soft palate
What does the mouth receive?
Food and saliva
What does the mouth initiate?
Digestion
What is this:
- Accessory organs
- Cutting and shearing food
- Secured in sockets (alveoli) of maxillary and mandibular bones
Teeth
What is this:
- Accessory organ of digestion
- Manipulates food
- Assists in deglution
- Senses the taste of food
Tongue
What is this:
- Accessory organs of digestion
- 3 paired glands
Salivary glands
Which salivary gland is this: Stensen’s duct
(Biggest size)
Parotid
Which salivary gland is this: Wharton’s duct (medium size)
Submandibular
Which salivary gland is this: Rivinus’ duct (smallest)
Sublingal
What are the functions of Salivary Glands?
- Secretion of saliva (1,000-1,500 ml/day)
- Cleansing teeth
- Facilitate swallowing
- Initialing digestion
- Formation of bolus
- Dissolve food chemicals
What is the location of the pharynx?
From nose to the top of esophagus
What is the structure of the pharynx?
Throat
Made of muscles
Lined with mucous membranes
What structure has air only?
Nasopharynx
What structure has the passage of food and air?
Oropharynx
What structure has the food passage and air?
Laryngopharynx
What is the common passageway for food, liquids, and air?
Pharynx
Pharyngeal constrictors
push the bolus toward the what?
Esophagus
What initiates the swallowing process?
Pharynx
The esophagus is from the what to the what?
pharynx (c6)
stomach (t7)
What is the structure of the esophagus?
- Fibromuscular tubular portion
of digestive tract - 25 cm (1 ft) long
- 2 cm (0.75 in.) diameter
What are the layers of the esophagus? (from middle inner to outer)
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Adventitia
What are the functions of the esophagus?
- Transport food and liquids entering
the mouth through the throat and into the stomach. - Prevents reflux of gastric contents into esophagus.
What are characteristics of the stomach?
- Pouchlike digestive organ
- Between esophagus and duodenum
- In the upper left quadrant of abdominal cavity
- Immediately below diaphragm
What are the important parts of the stomach?
- J-shaped (T7-L3)
- Cardiac sphincter (meaning it’s close to the heart)
- Fundus
- Body
- Lesser curvature
- Greater curvature
- Pylorus
- Pyloric sphincter
What are the layers of the stomach?
- Mucosa (inside and lubricated)
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Serosa (aka adventitia)
- Rugae (helps stomach stretch) (arrugas - wrinkles)
What are the functions of the stomach?
- Aid digestion
food absorption
protein and fat digestion - Reservoir
- Acid secretion
- Enzyme secretion
- Gastrointestinal motility
What is this:
- Occupies all abdominal regions except the left hypochondriac and epigastric regions
- Average 6m (20ft) in length
- Diameter:
4cm (1.6in) at the stomach
2.5cm (1in) at the junction with large intestine
Small intestine
What are the structures of the small intestine? **
Duodenum (beginning of small intestine) (looks like a c) (inside is the pancreas)
Jejunum (the portion that goes all over the cavity)
Ileum (iliac crest is where it rests, right at the tip)
What is this:
- C‐shaped
- Shortest and widest segment
- 25 cm (10 in.)
- Anterior to right kidney
- Anterior to upper three lumbar vertebrae.
- Mixing bowl
- Receives chyme from stomach and digestive
secretions from pancreas and liver.
Duodenum
What is this:
- Chemical and mechanical breakdown
of chyme. - Absorption of nutrients
- Transports of undigested material to
large intestine. - About 2.5 m (8 ft) in length.
- Suspended from posterior wall of
peritoneum—mesentery.
Jejunum
What is this:
- The immune sensors of the intestine.
- Form circular or oval patches.
- Largest and most numerous in the ileum.
- Fight against infections in ileum.
Peyer’s Patches
What are the functions of the small intestine?
Plays primary role in digestion and absorption of nutrients
What is this:
- Horseshoe‐shaped
- Begins at the end of the ileum and ends
at the anus - Inferior to the stomach and liver
- Almost completely frames small intestine
Large Intestine
How big is the large intestine?
- 1.5 m (5 ft) length
- 7.5 cm (3 in) width
What three parts is the large intestine divided into?
- Cecum
- Colon
- Rectum
What is this:
- First portion of large intestine, appears as a pouch
- Collects and stores material arriving from ileum
- Begins compaction.
Cecum
What is this:
- Approximately 9 cm (3.5 in).
- Size and shape are variable.
- Functions as part of the
lymphatic system.
Vermiform Appendix
What is this:
- Last 15 cm (6 in) of
digestive tract. - Expandable organ for
temporary storage of
fecal material.
Rectum
What is this:
- Last portion of rectum.
- Contains small longitudinal
folds—anal columns. - Ends at anus.
Anal Canal
What are the functions of the Large Intestine?
- Reabsorption of water and electrolytes
- Compaction of intestinal contents into feces
- Absorption of important vitamins produced
by bacterial action - Storing of fecal material before defecation
Where is the liver located?
- Right hypochondriac region
- Epigastric region
What is the liver structure?
- Largest visceral organ
- Reddish‐brown organ
- Very soft and flaccid
- Largest gland of body
- Weights 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs)
What is this:
- Fibrous structure
- Connects the anterior part of the liver to the ventral wall of the abdomen.
Falciform ligament
What marks the path of the fetal umbilical vein?
Round ligament (Ligamentum teres)
What are the functions of the liver?
- More than 200 different functions.
- Production of bile
(One liter per day) - Detoxification
(Extract absorbed nutrients or toxins from blood.)
Where is the gallbladder located?
- Right side of the abdomen
- Beneath the liver
In the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver.
What is the Gallbladder structure?
- About 1 inch wide and 3 inches long.
- Hollow, pear‐shaped muscular organ.
- Three regions
* Fundus
* Body
* Neck
What is the gallbladder function?
- Bile storage
- Liquid produced by liver to help digest fat. - Bile release
- Bile flow regulation
- Bile pH regulation
What is this:
- Left hepatic duct
- Right hepatic duct
- Common hepatic bile duct
- Cystic duct (from gallbladder)
- Hepato‐pancreatic duct
Biliary tract (system)
What is the function of the Biliary tract?
Drains bile into duodenum
(Ampulla of Vater)
Abdominal gland with a digestive (exocrine) and
hormonal (endocrine) function
Pancreas
What is this:
- Group of cell in the pancreas.
- Make hormone insulin
Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)
