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Pharmacology > 1 General Principles Of Pharm > Flashcards

1 General Principles Of Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

4 areas of pharmacology

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics

Toxicology

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2
Q

Define pharmacotherapeutics

A

the area of pharmacology that refers to the use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose a disease.

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3
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

the study of how the body deals with the drugs in terms of the way it is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated.

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4
Q

Define pharmacodynamics

A

the analysis of what the drug does to the body, including the mechanism by which the drug exerts its effects.

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5
Q

Define toxicology

A

the study of the harmful effects of chemicals.

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6
Q

What are the 3 ways to identify a drug?

A
  • Chemical name
  • Generic name
  • Trade name
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7
Q

What is the most effective way to refer to a drug?

A

Generic name/ official name

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8
Q

What is the difference between generic and brand name drugs?

A

They are bioequivalent, but there are different dosages of active ingredient.
BRAND IS STRONGER THAN GENERIC

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9
Q

What is the preclinical stage of creating a new drug?

A

Animal Studies using several different species.

1 - 2 yrs.

Obtained are:
• Pharmacokinetics
• Pharmacodynamics
• Dosage
• Toxicity
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10
Q

What’s an IND? Who determines what one is?

A

IND - Investigational New Drug

The FDA deems the drug safe for human trials

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11
Q

What is phase 1 of human trials?

A
  • Purpose: obtain initial information about PHARMACOLOGIC action, and possible TOXIC effects in humans.
  • Subjects: 20 to 80 HEALTHY volunteers.
  • Time Period: < 1 yr
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12
Q

What is phase 2 of human clinical trials?

A
  • Purpose: evaluate the EFFECTIVENESS of the drug, and assess side effects and other risks.
  • Subjects: 200 to 300 subjects with a specific disease or pathologic condition.
  • Time Period: 2 yrs.
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13
Q

What is phase 3 of a human clinical trial?

A
  • Purpose: obtain additional information regarding the drug’s safety and effectiveness in a large patient population.
  • Subjects: several hundred to several thousand patients with a specific disease or pathologic condition.
  • Time Period: 3 yrs.
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14
Q

What is phase 4 of the drug approval process?

A

Postmarketing Surveillance

  • Purpose: to continue to monitor drug’s safety and effectiveness for public use.
  • Subjects: general patient populations.
  • Time Period: Indefinite.
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15
Q

What makes an OTC drug safe?

A
  • OTC are used to treat minor problems
  • Judged to be safe for use without direct medical supervision if taken properly.
  • Chances of toxic effects are usually small, when taken as recommended.
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16
Q

What is a schedule 1 drug?

A
  • Highest potential for abuse.
  • Not typically used as acceptable medical treatment in US.
  • Restricted to approved research studies. ( marijuana as an antiemetic)
  • Examples: heroin, LSD, mescaline, marijuana
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17
Q

What schedule is heroin?

A

Schedule 1

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18
Q

Which schedule is LSD?

A

Schedule 1

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19
Q

Which schedule is mescaline?

A

Schedule 1

20
Q

Which schedule is marijuana?

A

Schedule 1

21
Q

What are schedule 2 drugs?

A
  • High potential for abuse.
  • Approved for specific therapeutic purpose.
  • Examples: morphine, fentanyl, methamphetamine
22
Q

Which schedule is morphine?

A

Schedule 2

23
Q

Which schedule is fentanyl?

A

Schedule 2

24
Q

Which schedule is methamphetamine?

A

Schedule 2

25
Q

What are schedule 3 drugs?

A

• Lower potential for abuse.

• Possibility of developing mild to
moderate physical dependence.

• Strong psychologic dependence.

• Examples: codeine, anabolic
steroids, certain barbiturates,
amphetamines

26
Q

Which schedule is codeine?

A

Schedule 3

27
Q

Which schedule are anabolic steroids?

A

Schedule 3

28
Q

Which schedule are barbiturates?

A

Schedule 3

Phenobarbital is 4

29
Q

Which schedule are amphetamines?

A

Schedule 3

30
Q

What are schedule 4 drugs?

A

• Lower potential for abuse then III.

• Limited possibility of developing
physical or psychologic dependence.

Examples: certain antianxiety drugs, certain barbiturates (phenobarbital), and depressants and stimulants

31
Q

Which schedule are anxiety drugs?

A

Schedule 4

32
Q

Which schedule are depressants?

A

Schedule 4

33
Q

Which schedule are stimulants?

A

Schedule 4

34
Q

What are schedule 5 drugs?

A
  • Lowest potential for abuse.
  • Primarily low dose opioids.
  • Examples: methadone, antitussives, cough medications, and antidiarrheal..
35
Q

Which schedule is methadone?

A

Schedule 5

36
Q

Which schedule are antitussives?

A

Schedule 5

37
Q

Which schedule are cough medicines?

A

Schedule 5

38
Q

Which schedule are anttidiarrheal medications?

A

Schedule 5

39
Q

What is a median effective dose?

A

Dose at which 50 % of the population responds to the drug in a specific manner.

40
Q

What is ED50?!

A

Median effective dose: Dose at which 50 % of the population responds to the drug in a specific
manner.

41
Q

What is a median toxic dose?

A

The dose at which 50% of the group exhibits adverse effects.

42
Q

What is a TD50?!

A

Median toxic dose: The dose at which 50% of the

group exhibits adverse effects.

43
Q

At which stage of testing is the median lethal dose obtained?

A

Animal trials!!!

44
Q

What is the median lethal dose?

A

The dose that causes death in 50% of the animals studied.

45
Q

What is an LD50?!

A

Median lethal dose: The dose that causes death in 50% of the animals studied.

46
Q

What is a therapeutic index?

A

The TI is used as an indicator of the drugs safety

• The median effective and toxic
doses are used to determine the therapeutic index.

• The TI is calculated as the ratio of
the TD50 to the ED50:

TI = TD50/ED50

47
Q

What does a large TI value indicate?

A

The greater the value of the TI, the safer the drug is considered to be.

A larger TI indicates that it takes a
much larger dose get a toxic
response, then a beneficial
response.

Pharmacology (24 decks)

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