1 Endo T Flashcards
What are leptin’s effects on menstruation?
Decreased leptin from decreased fat tissue can inhibit GnRH pulsatile release causing decreased LH and FSH causing decreased estrogen causing amenorrhea. Called functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
What causes delayed puberty with anosia?
Kallman syndrome due to defective KAL-1. GnRH can’t migrate from origin in olfactory placode. Commonly see midline defects.
Where is the Sup. Thyroid Art. from and what nerve runs with it?
The STA is from the ext. carotid and runs with the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (innervates the cricothyroid mm) which is at risk during thyroid surgery.
What do Hurthle cells look like and what do they indicate?
They are large oxyphillic cells with granular cytoplasm and are a sign of Hashimoto’s which has mononuclear infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes/plasma cells/germinal center formation
What are the serum Ca/PO4 and PTH levels in Vit D deficiency?
serum Ca/PO4 are both low and PTH is high
What do LH and FSH stimulate respectively in males?
LH stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone and FSH stimulates inhibit B from Sertoli cells.
What does the triple test look for?
AFP/estrdiol/hCG
AFP is synthesized early in gestation
Estradiol can be low in placental deficiency
hCG is elevated in hydidaform mole and choriocarcinoma
What are the side effects of steroids?
testicular atrophy, acne, erythrocytosis
Most common cause of death in diabetics?
MI
Classic galactosemia is a lack of what enzyme?
galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
Craniopharyngeoma results from what and how do they appear?
They appear as solid, cystic, and calcified. They also arise from the Rathke pouch remnants from pharyngeal roof
What enzyme allows export of glycerol from adipocytes?
glycerol kinase (key in DKA states with elevated glucose)
What enzyme is deficient in orotic acuduria?
UMP synthase
Biotin is commonly in what type of enzymes?
Carboxylase enzymes
What is Laron dwarfism and what do you see?
Faulty GH receptor with elevated GH and low IGF-1
What is a metyrapone stimulation test?
tests HPA by blocking 11-B hydroxylase which stops cortisol synthesis leading to ACTH increase
What ANS receptors are on beta cells in the pancreas?
M3 stimulates; a2 inhibits; B2 stimulates
What does pomps disease present with and why?
defect in alpha-glucosidase which breakdown glycogen in acidic lysosomes. defect leads to a accumulation which can interfere with contraction in mm and myocytes. cardiomegaly and macroglossia occur
What can cause serine residue phosphorylation and what is the significance?
TNF-a and insulin insensitivity
What is a big difference in carcinoid and pheochromocytoma presentation?
Carcinoid - facial flushing HYPOtension
Pheo - HTN tachycardia
Damage to post. pit. causes what?
transient central DI; permanent is from hypothalamic nun damage
Which long acting insulin has a peak?
Detemir
What enzyme is linked to MODM of the young?
glucokinase
What are T3 levels like in early Hashimoto’s?
normal; don’t decrease until late stage disease
