07d_Psychophysiological and Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
Psychophysiological Disorders:
Overview
Physical symptoms caused, maintained, or exacerbated by emotional factors
Most involve a single organ system
Many related to ANS
Hyperventilation
Rapid deep breathing attack
Drop in carbon dioxide
Respiratory alkalosis
Cerebral hypoxia
Hypertension:
Two types
Primary (essential) hypertension
Secondary hypertension
Hypertension:
Primary hypertension
No known physiological cause
85 to 90% of all cases
Secondary Hypertension
Elevated blood pressure is related to a known disease
Primary hypertension:
Health Effects
Cardiovascular disease
Heart failure
Kidney failure
Stroke
Primary Hypertension:
Diagnosis
Difficult to diagnose due to it being often asymptomatic
“Silent killer”
Primary Hypertension:
Contributing factors
Family history
Obesity
Cigarette smoking
Excessive salt intake
Stress
Advanced age
Primary Hypertension:
Treatment
Lifestyle changes (diet, alcohol, exercise)
Diuretic, beta blocker, other blood pressure medication
Fibromyalgia:
Symptoms
General muscle aches
Tenderness
Stiffness
Fatigue
Sleep disturbances
Fibromyalgia:
Occurrence
More common in females than males
Occurs most often in middle-age
Fibromyalgia:
Etiology and Treatment
May have a physical cause, but psychological factors play a major role
Symptoms often alleviated by behavioral treatments
Migraine Headache:
Characteristics
Severe
Recurrent
Throbbing
Limited to one side of the head
Migraine Headache:
Accompanying Symptoms
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea/constipation
Sensitivity to light, noise, odors
Migraine Headache:
Exacerbating Factors
Bending forward
Lifting
Jarring motions
Classic vs Common Migraine: Distinguishing Features
Classic:
12% of migraine sufferers
Starts with AURA
Common:
No aura
Sometimes signaled by GI upset or other symptoms
Migraine Headache:
Precipitating Factors
Menstruation
Stress and Relaxation after stress
Change in barometric pressure
Alcohol
Decongestant / analgesic overuse
Certain foods (tyramine, phenylethylamine, nitrates)
Migraine Headache:
Etiology
Constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the brain
Low serotonin levels
Cluster headache
NON-throbbing
Excruciating, burning pain behind eye, face, temple
Occurs in time clusters
1+/day for 2-3 months
Tension Headache
NON-throbbing pain
Band of pressure or tightness around the head
Usually both sides of the head, back of neck, face
Sinus headache
Fullness, tension, or throbbing ache
Worst early in morning
Exacerbated by bending forward
Premenstrual Syndrome:
Overview
Related to cyclic production of hormones
PMS usually develops after ovulation
Lasts until just before or after menstruation begins
Premenstrual Syndrome:
Prevalence
30 to 80% women of reproductive age
2-6% meet criteria for PMDD
Premenstrual Syndrome:
Treatment
Placebos
SSRIs
CBT
Endocrine System Overview
Glands release hormones directly into circulatory system
Target organs are affected in various ways
- activate enzymes
- alter permeability of cell membranes
Pituitary Gland:
Two hormones associated with disorders
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
Somatotropic hormone
Pituitary gland:
Antidiuretic hormone
ADH acts in the kidneys to mediate fluid retention
Hyposecretion = diabetes insipidus (water loss)
Pituitary gland:
Somatotropic Hormone
Stimulates muscle and skeletal growth
Protein synthesis
Somatotropic Hormone: Hyposecretion
Dwarfism
Somatotropic Hormone: Hypersecretion
Giantism
Acromegaly in adulthood
enlarged hands, feet, facial features
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease): Symptoms
Increased appetite With Weight Loss
Accelerated metabolism
Elevated body temperature
Tachycardia
Agitation
Emotional lability
Fatigue
Insomnia
Reduced attention span
Hypothyroidism: Symptoms
Slow metabolism
Reduced appetite With Weight Gain
Lowered body temperature
Lethargy
Depression
Decreased libido
Apathy
Confusion
Impaired concentration and memory
Pancreas:
Overview
Releases insulin
Moderates the uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
Too little = diabetes
Too much = hypoglycemia
Diabetes Mellitius:
Etiology and Symptoms
Caused by Hypoinsulinism
Increased appetite with weight loss
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Increase susceptibility to infection
Apathy
Confusion
Mental dullness
Type 2 Diabetes:
Symptoms associated with insulin treatment
Sudden increase in glucose levels is associated with:
Negative mood
Impaired concentration, working memory, and information processing
Type 2 Diabetes:
Symptoms associated with insulin treatment increase in glucose levels
Negative mood
Impaired concentration, working memory, and information processing
Behavioral Genetics
How genes impact behavioral aspects of human experience, and disorders of:
Personality
Intelligence
Autism
Hyperactivity
Depression
Schizophrenia
Quantitative Genetic Methods
Study of net effect of genetic and environmental factors on individual traits (including behaviors)
Molecular Genetic Methods
Classification of genes that influence behavioral traits
Quasiexperimental methods:
Twin method
Adoption method
