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EPPP B3: Physio & Psychopharm > 02_Brain Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

02_Brain Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hindbrain:

Three components

A

Medulla

Pons

Cerebellum

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2
Q

Medulla:

Overview

A

Information flow between spinal cord and brain

Swallowing, coughing and sneezing

Breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure

*Damage to Medulla is often fatal

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3
Q

Cerebellum:

Overview

A

Coordinated and refined motor movements

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4
Q

Possible result of damage to the cerebellum

A

Ataxia

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5
Q

Ataxia

A

Slurred speech

Severe tremors

Loss of balance

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6
Q

Midbrain:

Three components

A

Superior and inferior colliculi

Substantia nigra

Reticular formation

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7
Q

Superior and inferior colliculi

A

Routes for visual and auditory information, respectively

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8
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Motor activity

[Also plays role in brain’s reward system]

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9
Q

Reticular formation:

Location

A

Extends from spinal cord through the hindbrain and midbrain into the hypothalamus in the forebrain

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10
Q

Reticular Formation:

Functions

A

Respiration

Coughing

Vomiting

Posture

Locomotion

REM sleep

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11
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A

Screens sensory input, especially during sleep

Arouses higher centers in the brain when important information must be processed

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12
Q

Forebrain: Subcortical structures

Hypothalamus

A

Hunger

Thirst

Sex

Sleep

Body temperature

Movement

Emotional reactions

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13
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

Mediates sleep-wake cycle

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14
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

Involved in learning and memory

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15
Q

Two components of the Hypothalamus

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Mammillary Bodies

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16
Q

Hypothalamus and Homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus monitors body’s internal states and initiates responses needed to maintain homeostasis

Influences:
ANS
Pituitary gland
Other endocrine glands

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17
Q

Basal ganglia:

Three forebrain structures

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

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18
Q

Basal Ganglia:

Main Functions

A

Sensorimotor learning

Motor expressions of emotional states

(e.g. smiling when happy, frowning when sad, running when afraid)

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19
Q

Diseases associated with Basal Ganglia

A

Huntington’s disease

Parkinson’s disease

Tourette’s disorder

OCD

ADHD

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20
Q

Basal ganglia and ADHD

A

Behavioral disinhibition linked to smaller caudate nucleus and globus pallidus

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21
Q

Limbic system:

Three Main Structures

A

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Cingulate cortex

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22
Q

Amygdala:

Functions

A

Motivational and emotional activities

Associates emotions to memories

Recall of emotionally charged experiences

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23
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Effects of Bilateral lesions in amygdala and temporal lobes

A

Reduced fear and aggression

Increased docility

Compulsive oral exploratory behaviors

Altered dietary habits

Produce hypersexuality and “psychic blindness”

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24
Q

Psychic Blindness

A

Inability to recognize significance or meaning of events or objects

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25
Q

Hippocampus:

Functions

A

Learning and memory

Converts short-term declarative memories to long-term memories

Essential for formation of visual images

26
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Attention

Emotion

Subjective experience of pain

27
Q

Which limbic system structure is least associated with emotional responding?

A

Hippocampus

28
Q

One exception to contralateral representation

A

Olfaction

29
Q

Dominant/Left Hemisphere

A

95% of Right-Handed people

50% of Left-handed people

Written and spoken language

Logical, analytical thinking

30
Q

Non-Dominant/Right Hemisphere functions

A

Spatial relationships

Creativity

Facial recognition

31
Q

Brain lateralization

A

Hemispheric specialization

Present at birth

32
Q

Vision: Left Hemisphere

A

Letters, Words

33
Q

Vision: Right Hemisphere

A

Complex geometric patterns

Facial recognition

34
Q

Audition: Left Hemisphere

A

Language related sounds

35
Q

Audition: Right hemisphere

A

Music and other non-language sounds

36
Q

Memory: Left hemisphere

A

Verbal memory

37
Q

Memory: Right hemisphere

A

Nonverbal memory

38
Q

Language: Left hemisphere

A

Speech

Reading

Writing

Arithmetic

39
Q

Language: Right hemisphere

A

Emotional content of language

40
Q

Spatial processing: left hemisphere

A

n/a

41
Q

Spatial processing: right hemisphere

A

Geometry

Sense of direction

42
Q

Emotion: Left hemisphere

A

Positive emotions

43
Q

Emotion: Right hemisphere

A

Negative emotions

44
Q

Reasoning: Left hemisphere

A

Analytical

Logical

45
Q

Reasoning: Right hemisphere

A

Holistic

Intuitive

46
Q

Frontal lobe:

Components

A

Primary Motor Cortex

Supplementary Motor Area

Premotor Cortex

Broca’s Area

Prefrontal Cortex

47
Q

Parietal Lobe:

Main component

A

Somatosensory cortex

Located on post-central gyrus

48
Q

Somatosensory cortex:

Functions

A

Pressure

Temperature

Pain

Proprioception

Gustation

49
Q

Common symptoms of Parietal Lobe Damage

A

Apraxia

Tactile agnosia

Asomatognosia

Anosognosia

Contralateral Neglect

Gerstmann’s syndrome

50
Q

Parietal Lobe Damage:

Apraxia

A

Inability to perform skilled motor movements

in the absence of impaired motor functioning

51
Q

Parietal Lobe Damage:

Anosognosia

A

Inability to recognize one’s own neurological symptoms or other disorder

52
Q

Parietal Lobe Damage:

Contralateral Neglect

A

Loss of knowledge or loss of interest in left side of the body

53
Q

Parietal Lobe Damage:

Ideational apraxia

A

Inability to carry out a sequence of actions

54
Q

Parietal Lobe Damage:

Ideomotor apraxia

A

Inability to carry a simple action in response to a command

55
Q

Parietal Lobe Damage:

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

Finger agnosia

Right-left confusion

Agraphia

Acalculia

56
Q

Temporal lobe:

Two important areas

A

Auditory cortex

Wernicke’s Area (usually left hemisphere)

57
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Receptive aphasia

Deficits in language comprehension

Abnormalities in language production

58
Q

Occipital Lobe:

Main component

A

Visual cortex

a.k.a. striate cortex

59
Q

Posterior Visual cortex

A

High-resolution macular vision

central retina

60
Q

Anterior Visual Cortex

A

Peripheral vision

EPPP B3: Physio & Psychopharm (21 decks)

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