04_Learning, Memory, and Language Flashcards
Temporal Lobes:
Type of Memory
Long-term declarative memories
Damage to RIGHT Temporal Lobe:
Nonverbal Memory
Face-recognition
Spatial position
Maze-learning
Emotional memory
Damage to LEFT Temporal Lobe:
Verbal Memory
Recall of word lists and stories
Recognition of words and numbers
Hippocampus:
Two types of memory
Spatial memory
Explicit memory
Explicit Memory
Memory requiring conscious recollection
Result of degeneration of neurons in hippocampus
Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s
Hippocampus:
Three factors that impair memory
Degeneration of neurons
Amyloid plaques
Cortisol due to chronic stress
Amygdala
Fear conditioning
Adds emotional significance to memories
Prefrontal Cortex:
Four types of memory
Episodic memory
Prospective memory
Constructive memory
Working memory
False recognition
Incorrect claim the new information is familiar
Due to damage of prefrontal cortex
Type of Memory associated with
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Working memory
Damage to Thalamus:
Potential Effects on Memory
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Confabulation (Korsakoff’s Syndrome)
Basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor cortex:
Two types of memory
Procedural memory
Implicit memory
Procedural memory
Memory for sensory motor skills
Implicit memory
Unconscious, non-intentional memory
Aplysia Research:
Associated Processes
Habituation
Sensitization
Classical Conditioning of reflexes
Aplysia main findings:
Synapse Changes
Short-term memory = neurochemical changes
Long-term memory = increase in number, modification of synpatic structure
Long-term potentiation:
Associated areas
Glutamate receptors in hippocampus
*Also amygdala and cortex
Protein Synthesis & Memory
Long-term memory is associated with protein synthesis during minutes or hours following learning
Inhibition of protein synthesis or RNA at time of learning…
Prevents formulation of long-term memories
*Even when short-term and intermediate term memory are impaired
Broca’s Aphasia:
Area of Damage and Symptoms
Damage to left frontal lobe
Dysprosody
Anomia
Wernicke’s Aphasia:
Area of Damage and Symptoms
Damage to left temporal lobe
Difficulty understanding written and spoken language
Difficulty generating meaningful language
*Often unaware that speech is meaningless
Conduction/Associative Aphasia:
Area of Damage and Symptoms
Damage to arcuate fasciculus
Anomia
Paraphasia
Impaired repetition
Paraphasia
Substitution of words related in sound and meaning to intended words
Anomia
Inability to name a common or familiar object, attribute, or action
Transcortical Aphasia:
Area of Damage
Lesions that disconnect Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas from other regions of the brain
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
= Isolation of Broca’s Area:
Symptoms
Non-fluent, effortful speech
Lack of spontaneous speech
Anomia
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
= Isolation of Wernicke’s Area:
Symptoms
Deficits in comprehension
Anomia
Mixed Trancortical Aphasia:
Only able to say a few words
Automatic speech (emotional exclamations)
Often accompanied by right hemiplagia, hemisensory loss, hemianopia
Hemianopia
Loss of the right visual field in both eyes
