07c_Movement Disorders and MS Flashcards
Disorders of Movement:
Overview
Damage to the motor areas of the brain
Huntington’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Huntington’s Disease:
Overview
Inherited degenerative disease
Autosomal dominant X gene
Combination of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms
Huntington’s Disease:
Heritability
50% chance of developing the disorder
Usually diagnosed between ages of 30 and 50
Huntington’s Disease:
Progress of disease
Emotional and cognitive symptoms
Fidgeting and clumsiness
Facial grimaces and piano-playing playing movements
Chorea becomes more prominent
Huntington’s Disease:
Chorea: definition
Jerky, involuntary movements of the extremities
Causes a characteristic “dance-like” gait
Huntington’s Disease:
Cognitive impairments
Executive functioning deficits
*Eventual development of Dementia
Parkinson’s Disease:
Overview
Dopamine deficit
Degeneration of substantia nigra
Positive and Negative symptoms
Parkinson’s Disease:
Positive symptoms
Tremor at rest (e.g. pill-rolling)
Muscle rigidity (rmask-like facial expression)
Akathisia
Parkinson’s Disease:
Negative Symptoms
Postural disturbances
Speech difficulties
Bradykinesia
Akinesia
Parkinson’s Disease:
Depression Prevalence
50% experience prominent symptoms of depression
Many develop depression as initial symptom
*supports depression as ENDOGENOUS to disease, not reaction
Parkinson’s Disease:
Treatments
L-dopa = synthetic dopamine agonist
Recent treatment = inject cells into basal ganglia
Multiple Sclerosis:
Cause
Myelin Degeneration in CNS
Multiple Sclerosis:
Proposed Etiology
Autoimmune response
Antibodies attack the body’s own myelin
Multiple Sclerosis:
Gender Prevalence
More common in women than men
Multiple Sclerosis:
Age of onset
20-40 years old
Multiple Sclerosis:
Two main types
Relapsing-remitting type
Secondary progressive type
Multiple Sclerosis:
Progresssion
85% relapse-remitting type at initial diagnosis
Majority progress to secondary progressive type
Secondary Progressive Multiple sclerosis
Gradual worsening of symptoms
No distinct periods of relapse in remission
Multiple Sclerosis:
Initial Symptoms
Optic Neuritis (eye pain/blurred vision)
Fatigue that worsens in the afternoon
Motor impairments
Sensory abnormalities
Multiple Sclerosis:
Sensory Abnormalities
Muscle weakness
Clumsiness
Loss of balance
Itching
Pain
Numbness in arms, legs, face, or trunk
Multiple Sclerosis:
Lhermittes Sign
Electric sensation
Runs down the back into the legs
Multiple Sclerosis:
Symptoms that arise as disease progresses
Tremors
Speech and swallowing problems
Hearing loss
Depression
Anxiety
Cognitive impairment
Sexual dysfunction
Incontinence
Multiple Sclerosis:
Cognitive Impairment Prevalence
50 to 70%
Most experience mild impairment that may be due to depression and other treatable factors
Risk for cognitive dysfunction increases as disease progresses
