05 - Developmental Abnormalities (cont) Flashcards
(Bronchiectasis) (ectasia = dilation of tubulular structure)
- What is this? due to what?
- Associated with what?
- inflammatory cells damage what?
- Results in increased turbulence of airflow: due to what three things?
- Most common in what?
- Dilation of bronchi beyond normal (due to wall destruction)
- chronic bacterial bronchitis
- the wall
- increased resistance
impaired mucociliary clearance
deeper penetration of lung by infectious agents
- cattle
(Canine Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia)
- Congenital disorders of mucus-propelling cilia in what four locations?
- nasal cavity
bronchi
sperm flagella
brain ependyma
(Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis)
- The infectious causes are what?
(Viral)
- Generally see what type of lesions?
- viral and bacterial
- necrotizing epithelial lesions
(Bronchitis and Bronchoiolitis)
(Infectious Causes: Bacterial)
- usually what type of inflammaton?
- If chronic injury can get what two things?
- What organisms associate with Cilia?
- suppurative
- bronchiectasis
mucous cell hyperplasia
- mycoplasma sp. (continued neutrophil infiltration and submucosal lymphocyte proliferation)
(Bronchitis (main passages) and Bronchiolitis (smaller ones))
(Parasitic)
- what type fo inflammation?
- what spp. in ruminants and horses?
- suppurative to eosinophilic
- dictyolcaulus spp.
(Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis)
- Inhaled gases (like what?) are directly toxic?
- Ingested toxins resulting in what?
- What occurs at low dose?
- at high dose?
- NO2
- Clara cell and type I pneumocyte necrosis
(L-tryptophan (lush pasture) –> 3-methylindole in rumen)
(4-ipomeanol (moldy sweat potatoes)
- epithelial necrosis, mild inflammation
- pulmonary edema, damage to septa
(Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis)
(Type I, IgE-mediated Hypersensitivity)
- What in stabled horses due to environmental antigens (molds, spores, hay dust)?
2-3 what other two things do you see?
- “Heaves”; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- excersise intolerance, coughing, expiratory dyspnea
- external abdominal oblique hypertrophy (heave line)
(Equine Heaves)
(Type I, IgE-mediated Hypersenstivity)
(Gross)
- mucus where? due to what?
- peribronchiolar fibrosis - bronchiolitis #1
- +- emphysema due to what?
- +- what in mucus?
- in bronchioles, (goblet cell hyperplasia)
- mucus blockage
- eosinophils
(Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis)
(Type I, IgE-mediated Hypersensitivity)
(“Feline allergic bronchitis, feline bronchial asthma”)
- Episodic wheezing, cough, airway constriction –> ?
- Allergic or non-allergic triggers?
- Increase responsiveness of airways to what?
- Chronic eosinophilic bronchiolitis, airway plugs
- dyspnea
- either
- to stimuli (Bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion)
- Feline Asthma = ?
- Mediators (what are they?) are released to induce…
3-6 what four things?
- allergic bronchitis
- histamine, leukotriencs, eosinophil chemotactic factor
- chemotaxis of eosinophils
- increased permeability of blood vessels - edema
- contriction of smooth muscle - bronchoconstriction
- hypersecretion of mucus by goblet cells
(Pathology of the Lung)
(congential abnormalities)
1-3. What are three?
(Lung Lobe Torsion)
- what types of dogs get this?
- what lung lobes are involved?
- What is the cause?
- lung hypoplasia
- hamartoma (benign, focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm in the tissue of its origin)
- accessory lung
- deep-chested breeds
- right middle/left cranial
- usually idiopathic (trauma, neoplasm, pneumonia, pneumothorax)
(Pulmonary Atelectasis)
- what is this?
- how do affected areas look/feel?
- Can involve whole lungs, lobes, lobules
- will congenital survive birth?
- what are two forms of acquired?
- incomplete expansion or collapse of lung
- depressed and red, not firm
- no
- Compressive vs. Obstructuive
(Emphysema)
- Define it
2 most important as human disease
- What is alveolar emphysema?
(Interstital emphysema)
- gas present in what?
- forced expiration –> ?
- Affects species with what?
- enlarged gas-filled spaces in tissues
- destruction of alveolar walls with resulting enlargement of airspaces
- pulmonary interstitium
- wall rupture, dissection of gas into interstitum
- prominent interlobular septa (cattle)
(Pulmonary Edema)
- What is this?
- What happens to lung complicance?
- interfere with what?
- abnormal accumulation of transudate/fluid in alveoli and interstitium
- decreases (decreased elasticity)
- surfactant production oand gas exchange
PULMONARY
EDEMA
(Pulmonary Edema)
1 Histologically, edema fluid is what?
- eosinophilic, homogenous, faintly granular material filling the alveoli
1-5 WHAT ARE THE FIVE CAUES OF PULMONARY EDEMA?
- increased venous hydrostatic pressure
- increased permeability of the alveolar barrier
- impaired active transport of fluid from distal airways
- reduced oncotic pressure
- lymphatic obstruction
(there is some table on p38 i guess)
A (i think…)
don’t know this one - i’ll come back
B (i think…)
(Pulmonary Thrombosis/Thromboembolism)
1-3. What are the three mechanisms?
- vasculitis (bacteremia, dirofilariasis, mycoses)
- hypercoagulability (DIC, renal disease, neoplasia)
- changes in vascular flow (torsion)
yep
(Pulmonary Thrombosis/Thromboembolism)
(Hypercoagulabilty)
1-6 Many reasons for this - name 6
- hyperadrenocorticism
- liver disease
- renal disease (protein losing nephropathy)
- intestinal disease (protein losing enteropathy)
- neoplasia
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
yep
(Pulmonary Thrombosis/Thromboembolism)
(Consequences)
- poor perfusion of lung –> ?
- infarction rare (large artery + inadequate collateral flow)
- pulmonary hypertension
- painful
- hypoxia (if widespread)
(Pulmonary Hemorrhage)
1-5. What are five causes?
- inherited coagulopathies (eg Von Willebrands, factor IX deficiency)
- exogenous anticoagulants (eg brodifacoum, rodenticide)
- Trauma
- abscess with eroision of pulmonary vessel
- aerosolized toxin
(Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in horses)
- Affects what percentage of horses during vigorous exercise?
- Epistaxis in what percentage of affected horses…. related to what?
- Marked elevation of what blood pressures during exercise?
- Bronchoalveolar lavage indicates that EIPH occurs in what percentage of racehorses during vigorous exercise?
- 100% (usually subclinla and does not effect performance)
- < 2.5%; age-related
- pulmonary arterial and capillary pressures
- 100%
(Tetrahydrofluorocarbons)
- Overheating of pans, skillets space heater elements, light bulbs etc. coated with Teflon
- THFC become aerosolized and when inhaled cause what? leads to what?
- necrosis of capillary endothelium in lung
peracute to acute pulmonary hemorrhage and suffocation withough premonitory signs
