01 - Respiratory System

Question 1

Question 2

(Respiratory Anatomy)

(nasal cavity)

1. do what three things?
2. what percentage of total respiratory resistance?

Answer 2

1. carry air, modify air, olfaction
2. 50%

Question 3

(Respiratory Anatomy)

(paranasal sinuses - frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, cornual)

1. encased in what?
2. easily occluded by what?

Answer 3

1. bone
2. inflammation

Question 4

(Conducting System)

(nasal, paranasal, trachea, bronchi)

(nasopharynx)

1. glands and lymphoid tissue
2. initial impact of what occurs here?

(larynx)

3. potential for what?

Answer 4

2. inhaled particles or microbes
3. high airway resistance

Question 5

(Conducting System)

(trachea)

1. cervical and thoracic segments under different pressures during what?

(bronchi)

2. what percentage of lung resistance in first 4 to 7 divisions?

Answer 5

1. respiration
2. 80%

Question 6

(Transitional System (bronchioles)

1. progressive increase or decrease in ciliated epithelium and goblet cells?
2. susceptible to obstruction… why?

Answer 6

1. decrease
2. small diameter and lack of cartilage

Question 7

(Gas Exchange System = alveolus)

1. What is the order of the blood-air barrier?

Answer 7

1. type 1 pneumocytes - > basement membrane -> interstitium -> endothelium

Question 8

Answer 8

answer is D

Question 9

gander

Question 10

(Avian Respiratory System)

1. choanal slit in upper palate communicates with what?
2. soft-walled infraorbital sinus… not incased in what?

Answer 10

1. nasal cavity
2. bone

Question 11

(Avian Respiratory System)

1. dorsal and ventral bronchi –> parabronchi –> ?

what kind of exchange here?

2. Are air sacs vascular? what does this mean?

serve as what?

how many?

Answer 11

1. air capillaries

counter current exchange in air capillaries

2. no - no oxygen exchange

bellows for two cycle air movement

nine in most

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

(Respiratory Histology)

(conducting system)

1. what kind of epithelium?
2. ciliated, psuedostratified columnar #1
3. mucous cells = ?

mucus = complex of what three things to form viscoelastic material?

4. what provides smell and can bioactivate chemicals into potentially toxic intermediate forms?
5. reserve/stem cells = ?
6. What cover lymphoid tissue at junction of bronchi and bronchioles?

Answer 13

1. squamous epithelium
2. goblet cells

water, glycoprotein, lipids

4. olfactory sensory epithelium
5. basal cells
6. M cells (follicle-associated epithelium

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

(Conduction System: Nasopharynx)

(Horses)

1. eustachian tube extends from middle ear to nasopharynx and has a ventral diverticulum… called what? important why?

Answer 15

1. the guttural pouch; ascending infections (fungi and bacteria)

Question 16

(Conduction System)

(larynx)

1. supported by what?

2-3. What are the two kinds of epithelia?

Answer 16

1. cartilage
2. stratified squamous
3. ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 17

(Conduction system)

(Trachea and Bronchi)

1. Pseudostratified epithelium composed of what three cell types?
2. Resident immune cells (lymphocytes in submucosa)
3. is turnover fast or slow?
4. Epithelial injury –> basal cells -> regenerate -> differentiate into ciliated cells –> epithelial repair

Answer 17

1. columar ciliated cells, mucous cells, and noncilated basal cells
2. slow

Question 18

look

Question 19

(Transitional System: bronchioles)

(cell changes - primary through terminal bronchioles)

1. primary bronchioles lined by what? increase or decrease?
2. goblet cells increase or decrease?
3. clara cells increase or decrase?

Answer 19

1. ciliated epitehlium; decrease
2. decrease
3. increase

Question 20

(Clara cells: present in bcronchioles)

1. secrete what?
2. stem cells… replace what?
3. rich in what?

to do what?

Answer 20

1. proteinaceous fluid (surfactant)
2. replace non-ciliated/ciliated cells
3. smooth ER (cytochrome P-450 isozymes)

metabolize endogenous and inhaled exogenous substances –> reactive metabolites

Question 21

(Gas exchange system: Alveoli)

(type 1 pneumocyte)

1. mebranous/thin
2. diffusion of what?
3. susceptible to injury?
4. can they divide?
5. metabolically active?

Answer 21

2. bears
3. yes
4. no
5. no

Question 22

(Gas exchange system: Alveoli)

(type II pneumocyte)

1. cuboidal with microvilli (not cilia!!!)
2. metabolically active?
3. secrete what?
4. can beome what that causes barrier to diffusion?
5. what to replace type 1 pneumocytes?

Answer 22

2. yes
3. surfactant
4. hyperplastic
5. stem cells

Question 23

(Role of Surfactant)

1. complex of what and what?
2. Coat alveolar surfaces to do what in alevoli?
3. surfactant proteins A and D: activate what to enhance phagocytosis

Answer 23

1. phospholipids and proteins (A-D)
2. reduce surface tension (prevent lung collapse)
3. macrophages

Question 24

(other cells in alveoli)

(endothelial cells)

1. gas exchange/transport
2. permeability barrier between what and what?
3. Metabolize endogenous and exogenous substancs (ie prostaglandins, serotonin, norepinephrine, angiotensin, histamine, bradykinin)

Answer 24

2. capillary lumen and pulmonary interstitium

Question 25

(Other cells in alveoli)

(Macrophages)

1. located in what three areas?
2. defense against infectios agents and particles

Answer 25

1. alveoli, intersittium, and within capillaries

Question 26

Answer 26

B

Answer 27

1. B
2. not sure… want to say D… but don’t know

Question 28

Answer 28

3. C
4. A