01 - Respiratory System Flashcards
(Respiratory Anatomy)
(nasal cavity)
- do what three things?
- what percentage of total respiratory resistance?
- carry air, modify air, olfaction
- 50%
(Respiratory Anatomy)
(paranasal sinuses - frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, cornual)
- encased in what?
- easily occluded by what?
- bone
- inflammation
(Conducting System)
(nasal, paranasal, trachea, bronchi)
(nasopharynx)
- glands and lymphoid tissue
- initial impact of what occurs here?
(larynx)
- potential for what?
- inhaled particles or microbes
- high airway resistance
(Conducting System)
(trachea)
- cervical and thoracic segments under different pressures during what?
(bronchi)
- what percentage of lung resistance in first 4 to 7 divisions?
- respiration
- 80%
(Transitional System (bronchioles)
- progressive increase or decrease in ciliated epithelium and goblet cells?
- susceptible to obstruction… why?
- decrease
- small diameter and lack of cartilage
(Gas Exchange System = alveolus)
- What is the order of the blood-air barrier?
- type 1 pneumocytes - > basement membrane -> interstitium -> endothelium
answer is D
gander
(Avian Respiratory System)
- choanal slit in upper palate communicates with what?
- soft-walled infraorbital sinus… not incased in what?
- nasal cavity
- bone
(Avian Respiratory System)
- dorsal and ventral bronchi –> parabronchi –> ?
what kind of exchange here?
- Are air sacs vascular? what does this mean?
serve as what?
how many?
- air capillaries
counter current exchange in air capillaries
- no - no oxygen exchange
bellows for two cycle air movement
nine in most
(Respiratory Histology)
(conducting system)
- what kind of epithelium?
- ciliated, psuedostratified columnar #1
- mucous cells = ?
mucus = complex of what three things to form viscoelastic material?
- what provides smell and can bioactivate chemicals into potentially toxic intermediate forms?
- reserve/stem cells = ?
- What cover lymphoid tissue at junction of bronchi and bronchioles?
- squamous epithelium
- goblet cells
water, glycoprotein, lipids
- olfactory sensory epithelium
- basal cells
- M cells (follicle-associated epithelium
(Conduction System: Nasopharynx)
(Horses)
- eustachian tube extends from middle ear to nasopharynx and has a ventral diverticulum… called what? important why?
- the guttural pouch; ascending infections (fungi and bacteria)
(Conduction System)
(larynx)
- supported by what?
2-3. What are the two kinds of epithelia?
- cartilage
- stratified squamous
- ciliated columnar epithelium
(Conduction system)
(Trachea and Bronchi)
- Pseudostratified epithelium composed of what three cell types?
- Resident immune cells (lymphocytes in submucosa)
- is turnover fast or slow?
- Epithelial injury –> basal cells -> regenerate -> differentiate into ciliated cells –> epithelial repair
- columar ciliated cells, mucous cells, and noncilated basal cells
- slow
look
(Transitional System: bronchioles)
(cell changes - primary through terminal bronchioles)
- primary bronchioles lined by what? increase or decrease?
- goblet cells increase or decrease?
- clara cells increase or decrase?
- ciliated epitehlium; decrease
- decrease
- increase
(Clara cells: present in bcronchioles)
- secrete what?
- stem cells… replace what?
- rich in what?
to do what?
- proteinaceous fluid (surfactant)
- replace non-ciliated/ciliated cells
- smooth ER (cytochrome P-450 isozymes)
metabolize endogenous and inhaled exogenous substances –> reactive metabolites
(Gas exchange system: Alveoli)
(type 1 pneumocyte)
- mebranous/thin
- diffusion of what?
- susceptible to injury?
- can they divide?
- metabolically active?
- bears
- yes
- no
- no
(Gas exchange system: Alveoli)
(type II pneumocyte)
- cuboidal with microvilli (not cilia!!!)
- metabolically active?
- secrete what?
- can beome what that causes barrier to diffusion?
- what to replace type 1 pneumocytes?
- yes
- surfactant
- hyperplastic
- stem cells
(Role of Surfactant)
- complex of what and what?
- Coat alveolar surfaces to do what in alevoli?
- surfactant proteins A and D: activate what to enhance phagocytosis
- phospholipids and proteins (A-D)
- reduce surface tension (prevent lung collapse)
- macrophages
(other cells in alveoli)
(endothelial cells)
- gas exchange/transport
- permeability barrier between what and what?
- Metabolize endogenous and exogenous substancs (ie prostaglandins, serotonin, norepinephrine, angiotensin, histamine, bradykinin)
- capillary lumen and pulmonary interstitium
(Other cells in alveoli)
(Macrophages)
- located in what three areas?
- defense against infectios agents and particles
- alveoli, intersittium, and within capillaries
B
- B
- not sure… want to say D… but don’t know
- C
- A
