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004 - Systemic Pathology > 01 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

01 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

(Respiratory Anatomy)

(nasal cavity)

  1. do what three things?
  2. what percentage of total respiratory resistance?
A
  1. carry air, modify air, olfaction
  2. 50%
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3
Q

(Respiratory Anatomy)

(paranasal sinuses - frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, cornual)

  1. encased in what?
  2. easily occluded by what?
A
  1. bone
  2. inflammation
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4
Q

(Conducting System)

(nasal, paranasal, trachea, bronchi)

(nasopharynx)

  1. glands and lymphoid tissue
  2. initial impact of what occurs here?

(larynx)

  1. potential for what?
A
  1. inhaled particles or microbes
  2. high airway resistance
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5
Q

(Conducting System)

(trachea)

  1. cervical and thoracic segments under different pressures during what?

(bronchi)

  1. what percentage of lung resistance in first 4 to 7 divisions?
A
  1. respiration
  2. 80%
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6
Q

(Transitional System (bronchioles)

  1. progressive increase or decrease in ciliated epithelium and goblet cells?
  2. susceptible to obstruction… why?
A
  1. decrease
  2. small diameter and lack of cartilage
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7
Q

(Gas Exchange System = alveolus)

  1. What is the order of the blood-air barrier?
A
  1. type 1 pneumocytes - > basement membrane -> interstitium -> endothelium
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8
Q
A

answer is D

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9
Q

gander

A
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10
Q

(Avian Respiratory System)

  1. choanal slit in upper palate communicates with what?
  2. soft-walled infraorbital sinus… not incased in what?
A
  1. nasal cavity
  2. bone
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11
Q

(Avian Respiratory System)

  1. dorsal and ventral bronchi –> parabronchi –> ?

what kind of exchange here?

  1. Are air sacs vascular? what does this mean?

serve as what?

how many?

A
  1. air capillaries

counter current exchange in air capillaries

  1. no - no oxygen exchange

bellows for two cycle air movement

nine in most

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12
Q
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13
Q

(Respiratory Histology)

(conducting system)

  1. what kind of epithelium?
  2. ciliated, psuedostratified columnar #1
  3. mucous cells = ?

mucus = complex of what three things to form viscoelastic material?

  1. what provides smell and can bioactivate chemicals into potentially toxic intermediate forms?
  2. reserve/stem cells = ?
  3. What cover lymphoid tissue at junction of bronchi and bronchioles?
A
  1. squamous epithelium
  2. goblet cells

water, glycoprotein, lipids

  1. olfactory sensory epithelium
  2. basal cells
  3. M cells (follicle-associated epithelium
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

(Conduction System: Nasopharynx)

(Horses)

  1. eustachian tube extends from middle ear to nasopharynx and has a ventral diverticulum… called what? important why?
A
  1. the guttural pouch; ascending infections (fungi and bacteria)
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16
Q

(Conduction System)

(larynx)

  1. supported by what?

2-3. What are the two kinds of epithelia?

A
  1. cartilage
  2. stratified squamous
  3. ciliated columnar epithelium
17
Q

(Conduction system)

(Trachea and Bronchi)

  1. Pseudostratified epithelium composed of what three cell types?
  2. Resident immune cells (lymphocytes in submucosa)
  3. is turnover fast or slow?
  4. Epithelial injury –> basal cells -> regenerate -> differentiate into ciliated cells –> epithelial repair
A
  1. columar ciliated cells, mucous cells, and noncilated basal cells
  2. slow
18
Q

look

A
19
Q

(Transitional System: bronchioles)

(cell changes - primary through terminal bronchioles)

  1. primary bronchioles lined by what? increase or decrease?
  2. goblet cells increase or decrease?
  3. clara cells increase or decrase?
A
  1. ciliated epitehlium; decrease
  2. decrease
  3. increase
20
Q

(Clara cells: present in bcronchioles)

  1. secrete what?
  2. stem cells… replace what?
  3. rich in what?

to do what?

A
  1. proteinaceous fluid (surfactant)
  2. replace non-ciliated/ciliated cells
  3. smooth ER (cytochrome P-450 isozymes)

metabolize endogenous and inhaled exogenous substances –> reactive metabolites

21
Q

(Gas exchange system: Alveoli)

(type 1 pneumocyte)

  1. mebranous/thin
  2. diffusion of what?
  3. susceptible to injury?
  4. can they divide?
  5. metabolically active?
A
  1. bears
  2. yes
  3. no
  4. no
22
Q

(Gas exchange system: Alveoli)

(type II pneumocyte)

  1. cuboidal with microvilli (not cilia!!!)
  2. metabolically active?
  3. secrete what?
  4. can beome what that causes barrier to diffusion?
  5. what to replace type 1 pneumocytes?
A
  1. yes
  2. surfactant
  3. hyperplastic
  4. stem cells
23
Q

(Role of Surfactant)

  1. complex of what and what?
  2. Coat alveolar surfaces to do what in alevoli?
  3. surfactant proteins A and D: activate what to enhance phagocytosis
A
  1. phospholipids and proteins (A-D)
  2. reduce surface tension (prevent lung collapse)
  3. macrophages
24
Q

(other cells in alveoli)

(endothelial cells)

  1. gas exchange/transport
  2. permeability barrier between what and what?
  3. Metabolize endogenous and exogenous substancs (ie prostaglandins, serotonin, norepinephrine, angiotensin, histamine, bradykinin)
A
  1. capillary lumen and pulmonary interstitium
25
Q

(Other cells in alveoli)

(Macrophages)

  1. located in what three areas?
  2. defense against infectios agents and particles
A
  1. alveoli, intersittium, and within capillaries
26
Q
A

B

27
Q
A
  1. B
  2. not sure… want to say D… but don’t know
28
Q
A
  1. C
  2. A

004 - Systemic Pathology (24 decks)

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