02 - Respiratory system (cont)

Question 1

(Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory Tract)

(objective… maintain sterile lung without inducing inflammation) (largely innate)

1-4. What are four parts of this

Answer 1

1. mucus (excalator)
2. reflexes (sneezing, coughing)
3. antibodies and innate defense proteins (defensins/collectins)
4. alveolar macrophages

Question 2

(Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory tract)

(Second line of defense: if infection cannot be contained)

1. Cytokines produced by macrophages and airway epithelium –> recruit what? leading to what?

Answer 2

1. recruit neutrophils and more macrophages; INFLAMMATION

Question 3

(The cost of Lung inflammation)

1. decreased what?
2. leukocyte-derived enzymes and oxygen radicals do what to lung tissue?
3. Repair processes can permanently decrease lung compliance and thicken blood-gas barrier

Answer 3

1. gas exchange (inflammatory exudates)
2. injure destroy

Question 4

(Sources of Injury to the Respiratory system)

Question 5

(Conducting System Defense: Nasal, Trachea, Bronchi)

1. deposition = particles are what?
2. clearance = ?
3. What are four means of physical clearance?

Answer 5

1. trapped
2. deposited particles are destoryed, neutralized or removed from mucosal surfaces
3. cough, sneeze, mucociliary clearance, and phagocytosis

Question 6

(Conducting System Defense: Nasal, Trachea, Bronchi)

(Mucociliary clearance/apparatus (mucociliary blanket): Unidirectional movement

1. complex of what?
2. mucus covers epithelium… collects what and absorbs what?
3. what happens to mucus?
4. Aeroxolized ammonia levels? what level can paralyze cilia

Answer 6

1. water, glycoproteins, lipid and antibody
2. collects particulates and abosorbs soluble gasses
3. coughed up
4. >20ppm

Question 7

(Particle Removal)

1. Mucociliary clearance
2. Particle Removal mechanisms (name three types)

Answer 7

2. inertial (turbulence), gravitational, diffusion (brownian motion)

Question 8

(Where do particles go?)

1. > 10 microns
2. 2-10 microns
3. 1-2 microns
4. < 0.3 microns

Answer 8

Question 9

just read

Question 10

(Air exchange system defense)

1. do alveoli have cilia and mucus productin cells?
2. Do they have mucociliary clearance?
3. What are primary defense?
4. bacteria destroyed by activated macrophages… except for what 5?

Answer 10

1. no
2. no
3. macrophages (cell receptors: Ig, complement, TNF) (phagocytize opsonized particles)
4. mycobactierum, listeria, brucella, salmonella, and rhodococcus

Question 11

(Air exchange system defense)

(Local Alveolar Secretory Products)

just read…

Question 12

(Blood Pathogens: How is Lung Protected?)

just read….

1. in what animals are lungs primary site of removal?

Answer 12

1. ruminants, cats, pigs, horses

Question 13

read

Question 14

Answer 14

B

Question 15

Answer 15

A

Question 16

Answer 16

E

Question 17

Answer 17

E