04b: Genital Systems Flashcards
Anterior border of perineum
Pubic symphysis
Lateral border of perineum
- Ischiopubic ramus
- Ischial tuberosities
- Sacrotuberous ligaments
Posterior border of perineum
Tip of coccyx
Contents of perineum
External genitalia and anal opening
A transverse line down perineum, drawn between (X) landmarks, demarcates anterior (Y) triangle and posterior (Z) triangle.
X = ischial tuberosities Y = urogenital Z = anal
Genital tubercle becomes (X) in females and (Y) in males.
X = Glans of clitoris Y = Glans of penis
Genital folds become (X) in females and (Y) in males.
X = Labia minora Y = Raphe of penis (on inferior surface)
Genital swellings become (X) in females and (Y) in males.
X = Labia majora Y = scrotal pouches
Urogenital groove becomes (X) in females and (Y) in males.
X = vestibule Y = (closes) to become penile urethra
T/F: Male and female erectile tissues are structurally equivalent.
True
Superficial erectile tissue: The (X) of clitoris is/are comparable to (Y) of penis. Both associated with lateral, (Z) muscle.
X = Body and crura Y = crura (part of corpora cavernosus) Z = ischiocavernosus
Superficial erectile tissue: The bulbs and glans of both (X) in females and (Y) in males are associated with (Z) muscle.
X = vestibule and clitoris (respectively) Y = penis Z = bulbospongiosus
Female external genitalia is formally called:
Vulva
Greater vestibular, aka (X) glands, are located near (Y) and function to (Z).
X = Bartholin's Y = (posterior to) vaginal opening Z = secrete fluid during arousal
(Male/female) greater vestibular gland is equivalent to (X) (male/female) gland.
Female;
X = bulbourethral
Male
Lesser vestibular, aka (X) glands, are located near (Y) and function to (Z).
X = Skene's Y = distal urethra (anterior wall of vagina) Z = secrete fluid during arousal
(Male/female) lesser vestibular gland is equivalent to (X) (male/female) gland.
Female;
X = prostate
Male
T/F: Variation in labia minora size is normal.
True
Foreskin covers (X) and extends over (Y) of penis. What’s its function?
X = shaft Y = glans
Inner layer is mucocutaneous (lubricaes and protects glans)
List locations of the (X) sets of erectile tissue.
X = 2
- Midline
- Attached to ischial ramus
Midline erectile tissue is fused in (males/females) and unfused in (males/females).
Males; Females
The internal structure of penis is made up of (X) cylinders of erectile tissue. List them.
X = 3
2 dorsal corpora cavernosa
1 ventral corpus spongiosum
The urethra passes through (X) in the penis.
X = corpus spongiosum
Penis erectile tissue is held together by deep fascia of penis, aka (X) fascia, and enclosed by fibrous capsule called (Y).
X = Buck's (continuation of deep perineal fascia) Y = Tunica albuginea
Semen comes out of (X) structure.
X = urethra
Shared passageway between urine and semen
Pudendal nerve roots:
Ventral rami of S2-4
Dorsal nerve of penis originates from:
Pudendal nerve
Perineal nerve originates from:
Pudendal nerve
Male external genitalia primarily innervated by:
Dorsal nerve of penis
Male external genitalia blood supply:
- Internal pudendal artery
2. Superficial and deep branches of external pudendal artery
Internal pudendal artery branch of (X).
X = internal iliac
External pudendal artery branch of (X).
X = femoral artery
Ambiguous genitalia may arise from excess/deficient (X) effect.
X = androgen
Clitoromegaly refers to:
abnormal enlargement of clitoris
Default development, in absence of (X), is (male/female).
X = Y chromosome
Female
(X) system structures require (Y) to develop further, so they ultimately degenerate in female.
X = mesonephros Y = testosterone
List remnants of mesonephros in (male/female) following system degeneration.
Female;
- Epoophoron and paroophoron (in mesovarium)
- Gartner’s cysts (near vagina)
In female development of internal genitalia, the (X) ducts continue to develop. They (divide/fuse), starting at the (proximal/distal) end.
X = paramesonephric
Fuse; Distal
Fused portion of paramesonephric ducts forms (X). Unfused portion forms (Y).
X = uterus Y = fallopian/uterine tubes
During development, female gonad, aka (X), migrates (superiorly/inferiorly/laterally) from original position in (Y) and into (Z).
X = ovary
Inferiorly;
Y = abdomen
Z = pelvis
The migration of female gonad is due to (shortening/lengthening) of (X).
Shortening;
X = gubernaculum
Remnants of gubernaculum in females.
- Ligament of ovary
2. Round ligament of uterus
Ovarian ligament connects:
Ovary to uterus
Round ligament connects:
Uterus to labia major
In females, the (X) ligament travels through (Y) canal to connect (Z) to labia major.
X = round Y = inguinal Z = uterus
Uterus is (anterior/posterior) to bladder. Vagina is (anterior/posterior) to bladder.
Both are posterior
T/F: Fertilization occurs in wall of uterine fundus.
False
List parts of uterine/fallopian tube, from medial to lateral. Star the spot of typical fertilization.
- Isthmus
- Ampulla*
- Infundibulum (with fimbriae)
Long axis of uterine body is bent (forward/backward) on long axis of cervix. This means uterus is (X).
Forward;
X = anteflexed
Long axis of whole uterus is bent (forward/backward) on long axis of vagina. This means uterus is (X).
Forward;
X = anteverted
During bimanual exam, it’s important to palpate (X) with one hand while pressing (Y) through (Z) wall with other hand.
X = posterior fornix Y = uterus Z = abdominal wall (externally)
T/F: A retroverted uterus can be normal.
True
Cervical epithelium is comprised of which cell type?
Single-layer of columnar epithelium
Vaginal epithelium is comprised of which cell type?
Stratified, non-keratinized squamous epithelium
A woman who has given birth has transformation zone, aka boundary between (X), that’s (visible/not visible) from vagina.
X = cervical and vaginal epithelia
Visible
Vagina is a midline (X) tube between (Y) and (Z). How long is it typically?
X = fibromuscular Y = vestibule (of external genitalia) Z = cervix
About 3.5 inches
(X) pouch of Douglas can be accessed via which structure in female genitalia?
X = rectouterine
Posterior fornix
(X) is a key landmark in female genital system since it’s the where somatic and visceral NS meet.
X = vagina
Inferior (X) portion of vagina innervated by: (be general)
X = 1/4
Somatic innervation by deep perineal nerve (br of pudendal)
Superior (X) portion of vagina innervated by: (be general)
X = 3/4
Uterovaginal nerve plexus (autonomic sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation)
Sympathetic innervation to vagina originates from:
Sacral splanchnic nerves (from thoracolumbar region of SC)
Parasympathetic innervation to vagina originates from:
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Sensation from lower vagina travels via (X).
X = pudendal nerve
Sensation from upper vagina travels via (X).
X = pelvic splanchnic PARASYMPATHETIC nerves
List key arteries of female pelvic organs and their origin.
- Ovarian (aorta)
2. Uterine and vaginal (internal iliac)
Cardinal ligament is crucial area in (male/female) anatomy. It functions to (X) and is the location at which the ureter:
Female;
X = maintains position of uterus
Ureter travels under uterine vessels
Folds created by (X) form ligaments in female pelvis.
X = peritoneum
List parts of broad ligament.
- Mesosalpinx
- Mesovarium
- Mesometrium
Female pelvic ligaments: Which ligament drapes over (X) vessels as they pass from pelvic wall to ovary?
X = ovarian
Suspensory ligament of ovary
(Round/broad) ligament is more anterior.
Round
List key peritoneal reflections in female pelvis, from posterior to anterior. What is each space between?
- Rectouterine pouch (rectum and uterus)
- Vesicouterine pouch (uterus and bladder)
- Retropubic space (bladder and pubic bone)
The direct effect of testosterone causes (X) to develop into system of (Y), that drain into (Z).
X = sex cord cells Y = tubules Z = mesonephric duct
Development of male genitalia: The (X) surrounds system of tubules and protects (Y) from early feminizing influence of (Z).
X = tunica albuginea Y = gametes Z = mesonephric ducts
T/F: The mesonephros induces early stages of female gamete maturation.
True
Presence of (X), secreted by (Y), causes paramesonephric ducts to regress.
X = anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) Y = testes
Remnants of paramesonephric duct in (females/males).
Males;
- Appendix testis (on testis)
- Prostatic uricle (on prostatic urethra)
Original positions of male and female gonads is at (X) SC segment. Female gonads (ascend/descend) and male gonads (ascend/descend), each guided by (Y).
X = T10
Both descend;
Both by Gubernaculum
Remnant of gubernaculum in males.
Gubernaculum testis
Gubernaculum shortens to greater extent in (males/females).
Males
Ductus deferens takes similar path as (X), which ends on (Y), the female equivalent to the scrotum.
X = round ligament Y = labia majora
Each testes is suspended by (X), which contains:
X = spermatic cord
- Vessels and nerves
- Vas deferens
- Cremasteric muscle
What’s the function of the vas deferens?
Conveys sperm from testes to urethra
The testes produce (sperm/hormones).
Both
Path of sperm.
- Seminiferous tubules (production)
- Rete testes
- Efferent ductules
- Epididymus (storage/maturation)
- Ductus deferens
- Ejaculatory duct (joins urethra)
T/F: Ductus deferns passes between ureter and posterior bladder.
True
Located (anterior/posterior) to bladder is a pair of obliquely placed glands called (X). They provide E source for sperm by secreting (Y). They also secrete (Z).
Posterior;
X = seminal vesicles
Y = seminal fluid
Z = coagulating agent (that mixes with sperm)
(X) arise by the union of (Y) and (Z) at neck of bladder.
X = ejaculatory duct Y = duct of seminal gland Z = ductus deferns
Ejaculatory ducts pass inferiorly through (anterior/posterior/middle) part of:
Posterior part of prostate gland
Largest accessory gland of male reproductive system.
Prostate
Most, (X) portion, of prostate is glandular. The other (Y) portion is:
X = 2/3 Y = 1/3
Fibromuscular
Capsule of prostate is dense and incorporates:
Prostatic plexuses of veins and nerves
Bulbourethral glands are located immediately inferior to (X) and secrete (Y).
X = prostates Y = clear, thick mucus (lubricant)
(X) contribute to most, (Y)%, of semen volume. What contributes to the rest?
X = seminal glands Y = 70
Prostate (30%)
List the three parts of urethra, from proximal to distal.
- Prostatic
- Membranous
- Spongy
(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) innervation via (X) causes penile erection by which mechanism?
Parasympathetic;
X = Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Relaxation of blood vessels
Male pelvic viscera have mixed (somatic/autonomic) innervation via (X) plexuses.
Autonomic;
X = inferior hypogastric
The (X) parts of penis are rich in sympathetic nerve fibers, which are responsible for (Y).
X = ductus deferens, seminal/prostate glands, and ejaculatory ducts Y = ejaculation
External genitalia drain to (X) nodes, then to (Y) nodes. Gonads drain to (Z).
X = inguinal Y = external iliac Z = aortic
Lymph from testes will drain to (X). Lymph from scrotum will drain to (Y).
X = aortic nodes Y = inguinal nodes
Testicular artery arrives at its destination from (X) via traveling in/through (Y).
X = aorta Y = spermatic cord (to testes)
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve supplies:
Males: cremaster muscle and anterior scrotal skin
Females: Labia majora and mons pubis skin
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy involves (X)-induced hypertrophy of the prostate. Which lobe is typically enlarged?
X = hormonally
Middle/medial
Abnormal openings on the ventral glans and body of the penis due to improper fusing of:
Urethral/urogenital folds
