04b: Genital Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Anterior border of perineum
A
Pubic symphysis
2
Q
Lateral border of perineum
A
- Ischiopubic ramus
- Ischial tuberosities
- Sacrotuberous ligaments
3
Q
Posterior border of perineum
A
Tip of coccyx
4
Q
Contents of perineum
A
External genitalia and anal opening
5
Q
A transverse line down perineum, drawn between (X) landmarks, demarcates anterior (Y) triangle and posterior (Z) triangle.
A
X = ischial tuberosities Y = urogenital Z = anal
6
Q
Genital tubercle becomes (X) in females and (Y) in males.
A
X = Glans of clitoris Y = Glans of penis
7
Q
Genital folds become (X) in females and (Y) in males.
A
X = Labia minora Y = Raphe of penis (on inferior surface)
8
Q
Genital swellings become (X) in females and (Y) in males.
A
X = Labia majora Y = scrotal pouches
9
Q
Urogenital groove becomes (X) in females and (Y) in males.
A
X = vestibule Y = (closes) to become penile urethra
10
Q
T/F: Male and female erectile tissues are structurally equivalent.
A
True
11
Q
Superficial erectile tissue: The (X) of clitoris is/are comparable to (Y) of penis. Both associated with lateral, (Z) muscle.
A
X = Body and crura Y = crura (part of corpora cavernosus) Z = ischiocavernosus
12
Q
Superficial erectile tissue: The bulbs and glans of both (X) in females and (Y) in males are associated with (Z) muscle.
A
X = vestibule and clitoris (respectively) Y = penis Z = bulbospongiosus
13
Q
Female external genitalia is formally called:
A
Vulva
14
Q
Greater vestibular, aka (X) glands, are located near (Y) and function to (Z).
A
X = Bartholin's Y = (posterior to) vaginal opening Z = secrete fluid during arousal
15
Q
(Male/female) greater vestibular gland is equivalent to (X) (male/female) gland.
A
Female;
X = bulbourethral
Male
16
Q
Lesser vestibular, aka (X) glands, are located near (Y) and function to (Z).
A
X = Skene's Y = distal urethra (anterior wall of vagina) Z = secrete fluid during arousal
17
Q
(Male/female) lesser vestibular gland is equivalent to (X) (male/female) gland.
A
Female;
X = prostate
Male
18
Q
T/F: Variation in labia minora size is normal.
A
True
19
Q
Foreskin covers (X) and extends over (Y) of penis. What’s its function?
A
X = shaft Y = glans
Inner layer is mucocutaneous (lubricaes and protects glans)
20
Q
List locations of the (X) sets of erectile tissue.
A
X = 2
- Midline
- Attached to ischial ramus
21
Q
Midline erectile tissue is fused in (males/females) and unfused in (males/females).
A
Males; Females
22
Q
The internal structure of penis is made up of (X) cylinders of erectile tissue. List them.
A
X = 3
2 dorsal corpora cavernosa
1 ventral corpus spongiosum
23
Q
The urethra passes through (X) in the penis.
A
X = corpus spongiosum
24
Q
Penis erectile tissue is held together by deep fascia of penis, aka (X) fascia, and enclosed by fibrous capsule called (Y).
A
X = Buck's (continuation of deep perineal fascia) Y = Tunica albuginea
25
Semen comes out of (X) structure.
X = urethra
| Shared passageway between urine and semen
26
Pudendal nerve roots:
Ventral rami of S2-4
27
Dorsal nerve of penis originates from:
Pudendal nerve
28
Perineal nerve originates from:
Pudendal nerve
29
Male external genitalia primarily innervated by:
Dorsal nerve of penis
30
Male external genitalia blood supply:
1. Internal pudendal artery
| 2. Superficial and deep branches of external pudendal artery
31
Internal pudendal artery branch of (X).
X = internal iliac
32
External pudendal artery branch of (X).
X = femoral artery
33
Ambiguous genitalia may arise from excess/deficient (X) effect.
X = androgen
34
Clitoromegaly refers to:
abnormal enlargement of clitoris
35
Default development, in absence of (X), is (male/female).
X = Y chromosome
Female
36
(X) system structures require (Y) to develop further, so they ultimately degenerate in female.
```
X = mesonephros
Y = testosterone
```
37
List remnants of mesonephros in (male/female) following system degeneration.
Female;
1. Epoophoron and paroophoron (in mesovarium)
2. Gartner's cysts (near vagina)
38
In female development of internal genitalia, the (X) ducts continue to develop. They (divide/fuse), starting at the (proximal/distal) end.
X = paramesonephric
Fuse; Distal
39
Fused portion of paramesonephric ducts forms (X). Unfused portion forms (Y).
```
X = uterus
Y = fallopian/uterine tubes
```
40
During development, female gonad, aka (X), migrates (superiorly/inferiorly/laterally) from original position in (Y) and into (Z).
X = ovary
Inferiorly;
Y = abdomen
Z = pelvis
41
The migration of female gonad is due to (shortening/lengthening) of (X).
Shortening;
| X = gubernaculum
42
Remnants of gubernaculum in females.
1. Ligament of ovary
| 2. Round ligament of uterus
43
Ovarian ligament connects:
Ovary to uterus
44
Round ligament connects:
Uterus to labia major
45
In females, the (X) ligament travels through (Y) canal to connect (Z) to labia major.
```
X = round
Y = inguinal
Z = uterus
```
46
Uterus is (anterior/posterior) to bladder. Vagina is (anterior/posterior) to bladder.
Both are posterior
47
T/F: Fertilization occurs in wall of uterine fundus.
False
48
List parts of uterine/fallopian tube, from medial to lateral. Star the spot of typical fertilization.
1. Isthmus
2. Ampulla*
3. Infundibulum (with fimbriae)
49
Long axis of uterine body is bent (forward/backward) on long axis of cervix. This means uterus is (X).
Forward;
| X = anteflexed
50
Long axis of whole uterus is bent (forward/backward) on long axis of vagina. This means uterus is (X).
Forward;
| X = anteverted
51
During bimanual exam, it's important to palpate (X) with one hand while pressing (Y) through (Z) wall with other hand.
```
X = posterior fornix
Y = uterus
Z = abdominal wall (externally)
```
52
T/F: A retroverted uterus can be normal.
True
53
Cervical epithelium is comprised of which cell type?
Single-layer of columnar epithelium
54
Vaginal epithelium is comprised of which cell type?
Stratified, non-keratinized squamous epithelium
55
A woman who has given birth has transformation zone, aka boundary between (X), that's (visible/not visible) from vagina.
X = cervical and vaginal epithelia
Visible
56
Vagina is a midline (X) tube between (Y) and (Z). How long is it typically?
```
X = fibromuscular
Y = vestibule (of external genitalia)
Z = cervix
```
About 3.5 inches
57
(X) pouch of Douglas can be accessed via which structure in female genitalia?
X = rectouterine
Posterior fornix
58
(X) is a key landmark in female genital system since it's the where somatic and visceral NS meet.
X = vagina
59
Inferior (X) portion of vagina innervated by: (be general)
X = 1/4
Somatic innervation by deep perineal nerve (br of pudendal)
60
Superior (X) portion of vagina innervated by: (be general)
X = 3/4
Uterovaginal nerve plexus (autonomic sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation)
61
Sympathetic innervation to vagina originates from:
Sacral splanchnic nerves (from thoracolumbar region of SC)
62
Parasympathetic innervation to vagina originates from:
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
63
Sensation from lower vagina travels via (X).
X = pudendal nerve
64
Sensation from upper vagina travels via (X).
X = pelvic splanchnic PARASYMPATHETIC nerves
65
List key arteries of female pelvic organs and their origin.
1. Ovarian (aorta)
| 2. Uterine and vaginal (internal iliac)
66
Cardinal ligament is crucial area in (male/female) anatomy. It functions to (X) and is the location at which the ureter:
Female;
X = maintains position of uterus
Ureter travels under uterine vessels
67
Folds created by (X) form ligaments in female pelvis.
X = peritoneum
68
List parts of broad ligament.
1. Mesosalpinx
2. Mesovarium
3. Mesometrium
69
Female pelvic ligaments: Which ligament drapes over (X) vessels as they pass from pelvic wall to ovary?
X = ovarian
Suspensory ligament of ovary
70
(Round/broad) ligament is more anterior.
Round
71
List key peritoneal reflections in female pelvis, from posterior to anterior. What is each space between?
1. Rectouterine pouch (rectum and uterus)
2. Vesicouterine pouch (uterus and bladder)
3. Retropubic space (bladder and pubic bone)
72
The direct effect of testosterone causes (X) to develop into system of (Y), that drain into (Z).
```
X = sex cord cells
Y = tubules
Z = mesonephric duct
```
73
Development of male genitalia: The (X) surrounds system of tubules and protects (Y) from early feminizing influence of (Z).
```
X = tunica albuginea
Y = gametes
Z = mesonephric ducts
```
74
T/F: The mesonephros induces early stages of female gamete maturation.
True
75
Presence of (X), secreted by (Y), causes paramesonephric ducts to regress.
```
X = anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)
Y = testes
```
76
Remnants of paramesonephric duct in (females/males).
Males;
1. Appendix testis (on testis)
2. Prostatic uricle (on prostatic urethra)
77
Original positions of male and female gonads is at (X) SC segment. Female gonads (ascend/descend) and male gonads (ascend/descend), each guided by (Y).
X = T10
Both descend;
Both by Gubernaculum
78
Remnant of gubernaculum in males.
Gubernaculum testis
79
Gubernaculum shortens to greater extent in (males/females).
Males
80
Ductus deferens takes similar path as (X), which ends on (Y), the female equivalent to the scrotum.
```
X = round ligament
Y = labia majora
```
81
Each testes is suspended by (X), which contains:
X = spermatic cord
1. Vessels and nerves
2. Vas deferens
3. Cremasteric muscle
82
What's the function of the vas deferens?
Conveys sperm from testes to urethra
83
The testes produce (sperm/hormones).
Both
84
Path of sperm.
1. Seminiferous tubules (production)
2. Rete testes
3. Efferent ductules
4. Epididymus (storage/maturation)
5. Ductus deferens
6. Ejaculatory duct (joins urethra)
85
T/F: Ductus deferns passes between ureter and posterior bladder.
True
86
Located (anterior/posterior) to bladder is a pair of obliquely placed glands called (X). They provide E source for sperm by secreting (Y). They also secrete (Z).
Posterior;
X = seminal vesicles
Y = seminal fluid
Z = coagulating agent (that mixes with sperm)
87
(X) arise by the union of (Y) and (Z) at neck of bladder.
```
X = ejaculatory duct
Y = duct of seminal gland
Z = ductus deferns
```
88
Ejaculatory ducts pass inferiorly through (anterior/posterior/middle) part of:
Posterior part of prostate gland
89
Largest accessory gland of male reproductive system.
Prostate
90
Most, (X) portion, of prostate is glandular. The other (Y) portion is:
```
X = 2/3
Y = 1/3
```
Fibromuscular
91
Capsule of prostate is dense and incorporates:
Prostatic plexuses of veins and nerves
92
Bulbourethral glands are located immediately inferior to (X) and secrete (Y).
```
X = prostates
Y = clear, thick mucus (lubricant)
```
93
(X) contribute to most, (Y)%, of semen volume. What contributes to the rest?
```
X = seminal glands
Y = 70
```
Prostate (30%)
94
List the three parts of urethra, from proximal to distal.
1. Prostatic
2. Membranous
3. Spongy
95
(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) innervation via (X) causes penile erection by which mechanism?
Parasympathetic;
X = Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Relaxation of blood vessels
96
Male pelvic viscera have mixed (somatic/autonomic) innervation via (X) plexuses.
Autonomic;
| X = inferior hypogastric
97
The (X) parts of penis are rich in sympathetic nerve fibers, which are responsible for (Y).
```
X = ductus deferens, seminal/prostate glands, and ejaculatory ducts
Y = ejaculation
```
98
External genitalia drain to (X) nodes, then to (Y) nodes. Gonads drain to (Z).
```
X = inguinal
Y = external iliac
Z = aortic
```
99
Lymph from testes will drain to (X). Lymph from scrotum will drain to (Y).
```
X = aortic nodes
Y = inguinal nodes
```
100
Testicular artery arrives at its destination from (X) via traveling in/through (Y).
```
X = aorta
Y = spermatic cord (to testes)
```
101
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve supplies:
Males: cremaster muscle and anterior scrotal skin
Females: Labia majora and mons pubis skin
102
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy involves (X)-induced hypertrophy of the prostate. Which lobe is typically enlarged?
X = hormonally
Middle/medial
103
Abnormal openings on the ventral glans and body of the penis due to improper fusing of:
Urethral/urogenital folds
