01b: Trunk Organization

Question 1

List the compartments of the thoracic cavity.

Answer 1

1. Two pulmonary cavities

2. One central mediastinum

Question 2

Each lung is covered by (X). The layer touching lung is called (Y). The other layer adheres to (Z) and is called;

Answer 2

X = serous pleural sac
Y = visceral pleura
Z = body wall

Parietal pleura

Question 3

Pleural sac contains:

Answer 3

Serous fluid (only)

Question 4

Pleural sac is functionally important because it provides/allows:

Answer 4

1. Lungs to slide smoothly over each other

2. Surface tension to keep visceral and parietal surfaces in contact

Question 5

Transitions from one part of pleura to another are called:

Answer 5

Reflections

Question 6

Costal line of reflection is:

Answer 6

Transition between costal and diaphragmatic pleura

Question 7

Vertebral line of reflection is:

Answer 7

Transition between costal and mediastinal pleura (posteriorly)

Question 8

Sternal line of reflection is:

Answer 8

Transition between costal and mediastinal pleura (anteriorly)

Question 9

At (X) location of lung, there is a transition between parietal and visceral pleura.

Answer 9

X = hilum

Question 10

The hilum is a location on (X) where:

Answer 10

X = lung

Structures (vessels, bronchi) enter and leave lung

Question 11

What do “recesses” refer to?

Answer 11

Potential spaces at edges of pleural sacs (empty except at full inhalation)

Question 12

List the recesses between (X) and (Y) of lungs.

Answer 12

X = visceral pleura (lungs)
Y = parietal pleura

1. Costodiaphragmatic
2. Costomediastinal

Question 13

Innervation of pleura is dictated by:

Answer 13

what surface it touches

Question 14

Parietal pleura innervated like (X), by (Y).

Answer 14

X = body wall
Y = intercostal nerves

Question 15

Visceral pleura innervated like (X), by (Y).

Answer 15

X = lung
Y = plexus derived from sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve

Question 16

In (X), inflammation of pleura, the (Y) layer of pleura senses the pain of the two surfaces rubbing against each other. The pain has (Z) characteristics.

Answer 16

X = pleurisy
Y = parietal
Z = sharp, localized

Question 17

In (X), procedure in which fluid is sampled from pleural sac, the needle should be inserted where?

Answer 17

X = thoracentesis

Between parietal and visceral pleura

Question 18

T/F: Aside from the lungs/pleura, the mediastinum contains all thoracic viscera and structures.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

T/F: There is a physical separation between different subdivisions of mediastinum.

Answer 19

False - artificially separated

Question 20

The (X) divides mediastinum into the two main subdivisions:

Answer 20

X = Transverse thoracic plane (TPP)

Superior and inferior mediastinum

Question 21

The TPP can be drawn between (X) and (Y).

Answer 21

X = sternal angle (anteriorly)
Y = T4/T5 IV disc (posteriorly)

Question 22

The (X) subdivision of mediastinum can be further divided into:

Answer 22

X = inferior

Anterior, middle, posterior parts

Question 23

Superior mediastinum extends from (X) to (Y).

Answer 23

X = superior thoracic aperature
Y = TTP

Question 24

Primary lymphoid organ, (X), undergoes involution at (Y) stage of life and is gradually replaced by (Z).

Answer 24

X = thymus
Y = puberty
Z = fat

Question 25

The great vessels in (X) mediastinum involve (inflow/outflow) tracts related to:

Answer 25

X = superior mediastinum Both inflow and outflow to heart and lungs

Question 26

In superior mediastinum, (X) drain into (Y), which drains into RA.

Answer 26

``` X = R/L brachiocephalic veins Y = superior vena cava ```

Question 27

List key great vessels involved with outflow from heart to body.

Answer 27

Aorta... lol

Question 28

List key great vessels involved in communication between heart and lungs.

Answer 28

Pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 29

Great vessels involved in inflow/outflow to lungs are (superior/inferior/anterior/posterior) to those involved in inflow/outflow to body.

Answer 29

Inferior

Question 30

Anterior mediastinum resides between (X) anteriorly and (Y) posteriorly.

Answer 30

``` X = sternum Y = pericardium ```

Question 31

Anterior mediastinum contains (X) structures.

Answer 31

X = very few (CT, fat, lymph, branches of internal thoracic vessels)

Question 32

Middle mediastinum contains:

Answer 32

Heart, roots of great vessels, pericardium

Question 33

Primary region/mediastinum through which structures pass through thorax.

Answer 33

Posterior mediastinum

Question 34

List structures that pass through posterior mediastinum

Answer 34

1. Esophagus 2. Aorta 3. Veins (azygous, hemiazygous, accessory hemiazygous) 4. Thoracic ducts/nodes 5. Nerves (sympathetic trunk, splanchnic nerves, vagus nerve)

Question 35

The very first branches off aorta are (X) and come off which surface of aorta?

Answer 35

X = Coronary (L/R) Anterior surface

Question 36

List the paired branches off aorta.

Answer 36

1. Bronchial arteries 2. Intercostal and subcostal 3. Superior phrenic

Question 37

There are (X) pairs of intercostal arteries and (Y) pairs of subcostal arteries branching off (Z).

Answer 37

``` X = 11 Y = 1 Z = aorta ```

Question 38

Bronchial arteries off (X) supply the (Y).

Answer 38

``` X = aorta Y = lungs ```

Question 39

(Most/all) paired branches off aorta supply (X).

Answer 39

Most (except bronchial); | X = body wall

Question 40

(X) arteries are paired branches off (Y) that supply upper surface of diaphragm.

Answer 40

``` X = superior phrenic Y = aorta ```

Question 41

List the unpaired arteries off aorta.

Answer 41

1. Esophageal 2. Pericardial 3. Mediastinal

Question 42

Pericardial arteries supply:

Answer 42

pericardium

Question 43

Mediastinal arteries supply:

Answer 43

lymph nodes and posterior mediastinal tissue

Question 44

List the nerves that run vertically through superior and inferior mediastina.

Answer 44

1. Phrenic 2. Vagus 3. Sympathetic trunk

Question 45

Somatic innervation to diaphragm via:

Answer 45

Phrenic nerve

Question 46

Vagus nerve provides (X) innervation to (Y).

Answer 46

``` X = parasympathetic Y = viscera ```

Question 47

(X) nerve becomes a plexus on (Y) side(s) of esophagus.

Answer 47

``` X = vagus Y = anterior and posterior ```

Question 48

(X) nerve runs anterior to root of lung.

Answer 48

X = phrenic

Question 49

(Y) nerve runs posterior to root of lung.

Answer 49

Y = vagus

Question 50

Vagus nerve gives rise to (X) nerve.

Answer 50

X = recurrent laryngeal

Question 51

(Foregut/midgut/handgun) has/have ventral and dorsal mesentery. Which only has/have (X) mesentery?

Answer 51

Foregut (both); Midgut and hindgut only have X = dorsal mesentery