01c: Lungs, Heart

Question 1

The trunk of the tracheobronchal tree:

Answer 1

Trachea

Question 2

Easily recognizable structure, covered by rings of cartilage, in (X) mediastinum

Answer 2

Trachea;

X = superior

Question 3

At (X), the trachea splits into:

Answer 3

X = TTP (transverse thoracic plane)

2 main primary bronchi

Question 4

The main primary bronchi enter each lung at its:

Answer 4

Hilum

Question 5

Contrast the structural features of R and L primary bronchi.

Answer 5

Right is shorter, wider, and runs more vertically

Question 6

L main bronchus passes (superior/inferior) to aorta and anterior to which other structure(s)?

Answer 6

Inferior;

Anterior to esophagus and thoracic aorta

Question 7

What’s the carina? Function?

Answer 7

Midline cartilaginous ridge in last tracheal ring; separates lumens of primary bronchi

Question 8

T/F: the apices of both lungs are above the clavicles.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Foreign bodies more often pass into (R/L) primary bronchus. Why?

Answer 9

Right (shorter, wider, more vertical)

Question 10

Upon complete obstruction of bronchus, the lung becomes (X), which causes it to (Y) and the mediastinal structures to (Z).

Answer 10

X = atelectatic (nonaerated)
Y = collapse and shift laterally
Z = shift laterally, in same direction

Question 11

Atelectasis of right lung will cause mediastinal structures to:

Answer 11

Shift to the right

Question 12

Bronchial arteries, branches off of (X), supply:

Answer 12

X = thoracic aorta

Supporting tissues of lungs and visceral pleura

Question 13

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): embolus forms in (X) when (Y) travels from/to which structures?

Answer 13

X = pulmonary artery
Y = blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble 

To lungs, typically from leg vein

Question 14

About (X)% of heart lies on right and (Y)% lies on left.

Answer 14

X = 33
Y = 67

Question 15

The inferior border of anterior heart (in situ) is delineated by:

Answer 15

The right ventricle

Question 16

Apex of heart is formed by:

Answer 16

Left ventricle

Question 17

The (X) is the sac enclosing the heart. List layers, from superficial to deep.

Answer 17

X = pericardium

1. Fibrous
2. Parietal serous
3. Visceral serous

Question 18

The pericardial sinuses are (X) of (Y) that form during development.

Answer 18

X = reflections 
Y = serous pericardium

Question 19

List the pericardial sinuses.

Answer 19

1. Transverse

2. Oblique

Question 20

Transverse pericardial sinus lies superior to (X), posterior to (Y), and anterior to (Z).

Answer 20

X = atria
Y = pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta
Z = SVC

Question 21

Transverse pericardial sinus primarily separates:

Answer 21

SVC from pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 22

(X) pericardial sinus is especially important for cardiac surgeons

Answer 22

X = transverse

Question 23

(X) valve separates RA and RV.

Answer 23

X = tricuspid

Question 24

(X) valve separates LA and LV.

Answer 24

X = bicuspid (mitral)

Question 25

Blood flowing from RV to (X) passed through (Y) valve.

Answer 25

``` X = pulmonary trunk/arteries Y = pulmonary ```

Question 26

Blood flowing from LV to (X) passed through (Y) valve.

Answer 26

``` X = aorta Y = aortic ```

Question 27

List valves with three cusps.

Answer 27

1. Tricuspid 2. Pulmonary 3. Aortic

Question 28

List valves with two cusps.

Answer 28

Bicuspid

Question 29

Tricuspid valve has which cusps?

Answer 29

1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Septal

Question 30

Bicuspid valve has which cusps?

Answer 30

Anterior and posterior

Question 31

Pulmonary valve has which cusps?

Answer 31

1. Right 2. Left 3. Anterior

Question 32

Aortic valve has which cusps?

Answer 32

1. Right 2. Left 3. Posterior

Question 33

Pectinate muscles in (X) function to:

Answer 33

X = Walls of atria Direct blood toward ventricles

Question 34

Cista terminalis is (X) in (Y) part of heart.

Answer 34

``` X = thick, smooth muscular ridge Y = right atrium ```

Question 35

Opening of (X) is found in (Y). Through it drains deoxygenated blood from the heart itself, into (Z) system.

Answer 35

``` X = coronary sinus Y = right atrium Z = coronary venous ```

Question 36

Fossa ovalis is remnant of (X) and found in which part of heart?

Answer 36

X = foramen ovale (closes at birth) Found in right atrium

Question 37

Right auricle functions to:

Answer 37

Increase capacity of atrium (extra space to accommodate excess blood)

Question 38

Chordate Tendinae in (X) function to:

Answer 38

X = ventricles Stabilize valve cusps and keep AV valves closed during ventricular contraction

Question 39

Chordae tendinae are tightened by (X).

Answer 39

X = papillary muscle contraction

Question 40

Trabeculae Carnae are (X) in (Y).

Answer 40

``` X = muscular ridges Y = ventricles ```

Question 41

The moderator band is a(n) (X) and found in (Y). It's part of the (Z).

Answer 41

``` X = muscular band Y = right ventricle Z = conduction system ```

Question 42

Tricuspid valve sounds project to:

Answer 42

1. Midline | 2. Left side of sternum at 5th intercostal space

Question 43

Mitral valve sounds project to:

Answer 43

Apex at 5th intercostal space, below left nipple

Question 44

Aortic semilunar valve sounds project to:

Answer 44

1. Right of sternum at 2nd intercostal space | 2. Neck (over carotid artery)

Question 45

Pulmonary semilunar valve sounds project to:

Answer 45

Left over sternum at 2nd intercostal space

Question 46

The (X) is a normal fetal artery that, if remains open in an adult, is called (Y) and produces murmur that can be heard at what location?

Answer 46

``` X = ductus arteriosus Y = patent ductus arteriosus ``` Just lateral to auscultation area of pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 47

List branches of right coronary artery

Answer 47

1. Sinoatrial nodal a 2. R Marginal a 3. Posterior interventricular a

Question 48

List branches of left coronary artery

Answer 48

1. Anterior interventricular a | 2. Circumflex a

Question 49

Anterior interventricular a is also called (X).

Answer 49

X = LAD (left anterior descending a)

Question 50

Coronary arteries supply which specific tissues?

Answer 50

1. Myocardium (muscular tissue) | 2. Epicardium (innermost layer of pericardium)

Question 51

The cardiac veins can drain into which structures?

Answer 51

Coronary sinus or RA

Question 52

Which cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus?

Answer 52

Great, middle, small cardiac veins

Question 53

Great cardiac vein found with (X) artery.

Answer 53

X = anterior interventricular

Question 54

Middle cardiac vein found with (X) artery.

Answer 54

X = posterior interventricular

Question 55

Small cardiac vein found with (X) artery.

Answer 55

X = right marginal

Question 56

Which cardiac veins drain into RA?

Answer 56

Anterior cardiac veins

Question 57

The (X) nerve loops around arch of aorta, near (Y).

Answer 57

``` X = left recurrent laryngeal Y = ligamentum arteriosum ```

Question 58

The (X) nerve hooks around the right subclavian artery.

Answer 58

X = right recurrent laryngeal

Question 59

Right recurrent laryngeal is branch off of (X). Left recurrent laryngeal is branch off of (Y).

Answer 59

X = Y = vagus nerve

Question 60

At sternal angle, the trachea:

Answer 60

Bifurcates into main bronchi

Question 61

At the sternal angle, the aorta:

Answer 61

arch begins and ends

Question 62

On PA radiograph, what forms right border of mediastinum shadow?

Answer 62

1. SVC and IVC | 2. RA

Question 63

On PA radiograph, what forms left border of mediastinum shadow?

Answer 63

1. Aortic arch 2. Pulmonary trunk 3. Left auricle 4. Left ventricle

Question 64

The eparterial bronchus is which bronchus?

Answer 64

Right superior

Question 65

Mediastinum contains which structures?

Answer 65

Thymus, esophagus, trachea, and heart.

Question 66

(AP/PA) X-ray is less preferable due to (normal/enlarged) heart image.

Answer 66

AP; enlarged