01a: Intro Flashcards
Skin and superficial fascia are part of (external shell/internal cavities).
External shell
Axial skeleton/ribs are part of (external shell/internal cavities).
External shell
Thoracic cavity is part of (external shell/internal cavities).
Internal cavites
Pelvis is part of (external shell/internal cavities).
Internal cavities
Diaphragm part of (external shell/internal cavities).
External shell
Mediastinum is part of (external shell/internal cavities).
Internal (thoracic) cavity
Muscles of thoracic/abdominal walls are part of (external shell/internal cavities).
External shell
The (X) pattern of (Y) along (Z) axis of body in embryo dictates fundamental pattern of trunk.
X = repeating Y = somites Z= cranial-caudal
Muscles develop of (X) regions of (Y) in embryo.
X = myotome Y = somite
Bones, like vertebrae/ribs, develop of (X) regions of (Y) in embryo.
X = sclerotome Y = somite
Associated cartilage of ribs/vertebrae develops of (X) regions of (Y) in embryo.
X = sclerotome Y = somite
Skin develops of (X) regions of (Y) in embryo.
X = dermatome Y = somite
Nerves develop from which region of somite?
Don’t develop from somite, but grow into territories dictated by somatic pattern
Blood vessels develop from which region of somite?
Don’t develop from somite, but grow into territories dictated by somatic pattern
Mobile viscera are typically enclosed in (X). Less mobile viscera are located in/against (Y).
X = serous membrane Y = posterior body wall
External musculoskeletal shell will receive general (somatic/visceral) motor innervation from (X).
General somatic;
X = ventral primary rami of spinal nerves
Describe characteristics of general somatic (afferent/efferent) sensation.
Afferent;
Sharp and well-localized along that dermatome
Visceral innervated by (X) system, a division of (Y) system that typically operates (with/without) conscious control.
X = Autonomic NS
Y = Peripheral NS
Without
Describe characteristics of general visceral (afferent/efferent) sensation.
Afferent;
Vague, widely-distributed
The (X) system is divided into two distinct subdivisions, which are (Y) for fight/flight and (Z) for rest/digest.
X = autonomic Y = sympathetic Z = parasympathetic
Sympathetic nerves originate from which part(s) of SC?
Thoracolumbar
Parasympathetic nerves originate from which part(s) of SC?
Craniosacral
T/F: All sympathetic nerves pass from SC to sympathetic trunk, where they synapse.
False - all pass through, but may/may not synapse
(X) nerve(s) is/are parasympathetic and cranial in origin.
X = vagus
(X) nerve(s) is/are parasympathetic and sacral in origin.
X = splanchnic
In the trunk, parasympathetic nerves synapse in ganglia located where?
Walls of target organs
Belly button formally called:
Umbilicus
Quadrant system is designated by which planes?
- Medial plane (vertical through umbilicus)
2. Horizontal transumbilical plane
Region system is designated by which planes?
- Two vertical midclavicular lines
- Horizontal subcostal line
- Horizontal transtubercular line
The breasts are specialized region of (X) that contains (Y) in (Z) tissue.
X = thoracic wall Y = mammary glands Z = subcutaneous
T/F: Mammary glands exist in males and females.
True
Breast extends vertically from (X) to (Y).
X = rib 2 Y = rib 6
Breast extends horizontally from (X) to (Y).
X = lateral border of sternum Y = midaxillary line
The (X) tail of the breast reaches (Y).
X = axillary Y = into the axilla
Suspensory, aka (X), ligaments in breast function to:
X = Cooper’s
Attach mammary gland to dermis of overlying skin and underlying deep fascia (of pec major)
There are (X) number of lobules of glandular tissue in breast. Each drains into a (Y), and these converge on the (Z).
X = 15-20 Y = lactiferous duct Z = nipple
Where (be exact) does milk collect in the breast?
Lactiferous sinus (just deep to areola)
In males, the nipple is located at dermatome (X). In females, it’s located at dermatome (Y).
X = Y = T4
T/F: There is no hair on the nipple.
True
T/F: There is fat and glands in area of nipple.
False
T/F: There is muscle in nipple.
True - circular smooth muscle
Why might smooth muscle in (X) area of breast be important?
X = nipple
Compresses lactiferous ducts during lactation
(X) glands are located in (Y) part of breast and secrete oily substance during pregnancy/nursing.
X = Sebaceous Y = areola
Arterial supply of breast.
Laterally:
- Mammary branches from posterior intercostal arteries
- Thoracodorsal and lateral pectoral arteris
Anteriorly: Perforating branches of internal thoracic artery
Nerve innervation to breast.
T3-T5 intercostal nerves
There are (X) number of superficial and (Y) number of deep lymphatic plexi within the breast.
X = Y = 2
The lymphatic plexi within breast drain through (X) vessels, preferentially toward (Y). What’s the exception?
X = efferent Y = axillary lymph nodes
Deep lymphatic plexi may drain to parasternal (internal thoracic) nodes
There are (X) true ribs and (Y) false ribs.
X = 7 Y = 5
(Most/all) True ribs attach to (X) via (Y). Name exceptions, if any exist.
All;
X = sternum
Y = costal cartilages
(Most/all) False ribs attach to (X) via (Y). Name exceptions, if any exist.
Most;
X = sternum
Y = cartilage of most inferior true rib
Ribs 11-12 are “floating” and have no anterior attachments
Fifth intercostal space is between which two ribs?
Ribs 5 and 6
7th rib will articulate posteriorly with which processes (be specific)?
- Head articulates with bodies of both T7 and T6
2. Tubercle articulates with transverse process of T7
List muscles in intercostal space, from superficial to deep.
- External intercostals
- Internal intercostals
- Innermost intercostals
Which structures can be found running in intercostal spaces, between (X) and (Y) muscles?
X = internal intercostals Y = innermost intercostals
Intercostal nerve, artery, vein
The (X) provides attachment for diaphragm, which protrudes upward for what reason?
X = inferior thoracic aperature
To allow protection of upper abdominal viscera by thoracic cage
What forms the costal margin?
Continuous articulated cartilages of ribs 7-10
The boundary that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities is:
the diaphragm
When diaphragm muscles contract, they pull (upward/downward) on:
Downward;
Central tendon
List the hiatuses in diaphragm, from anterior to posterior.
- IVC
- Esophagus
- Aorta
List the hiatuses (and their approximate vertebral location) in diaphragm, from superior to inferior.
- IVC (T8)
- Esophagus (T10)
- Aorta (T12)
Which hiatus(es) in diaphragm is/are located in the muscle itself. Provide explanation.
Esophogus; When diaphragm contracts, hiatus closes to prevent food from shooting back up
List mechanisms to increase thoracic volume during (inspiration/expiration).
Inspiration;
- Lower diaphragm via contraction
- Increase A/P diameter by raising ribs/sternum
- Increase M/L diameter by raising ribs
Quiet breathing mainly involves action of:
Diaphragm contraction during inspiration; diaphragm and intercostal muscles passively recoil during expiration
At the end of expiration, pressure in volume is (lower/higher) than before expiration.
Higher (lower volume)
List muscles involved in forced inspiration.
- Diaphragm
- External intercostals (raise lower ribs)
- Scalenes and SCM (raise upper ribs)
List muscles involved in forced expiration.
Diaphragm recoils; abdominals aid in recoil (contract to increase abdominal pressure and push diaphragm up)
T/F: The diaphragm is considered part of the body wall structures.
True
Superior surface of diaphragm vascular supply.
- Superior phrenic artery
2. Musculophrenic and pericardiophrenic
Superior phrenic artery is branch off of:
Aorta
Musculophrenic artery branches off of:
Internal thoracic artery
Pericardiophrenic artery branches off of:
Internal thoracic artery
Inferior surface of diaphragm vascular supply.
Inferior phrenic artery
Inferior phrenic artery is branch off of:
Aorta
(Above/below) which structure does abdominal (X) fascia become divided into two distinct layers? Star the deeper layer.
Below umbilicus;
X = superficial
- Campers (fatty) layer
- Scarpas (membranous) layer*
List the lateral abdominal muscles, from superficial to deep.
- External obliques
- Internal obliques
- Transversus abdominus
The inguinal ligament is formed from (X) and connects (Y).
X = inferior border of external obliques Y = ASIS to pubic tubercle
Trasversus abdominus fibers run in which direction?
Horizontally
(X) exists between transversus abdominus and peritoneum.
X = transversalis fascia
The abdominal muscles function in:
- Respiration
- Protection
- Postural support
Posterior abdomen contains which key muscles?
- Quadratus lumborum
2. Psoas major and minor
Quadratus lumborum attaches to (X) and has which actions?
X = ribs and iliac crest
- Aids in respiration
- Hip hike (lateral flexion of trunk)
Running vertically down the center of the abdomen is the (X), which is simply an area of thick (Y).
X = linea alba Y = tendon
Rectus sheath is formed by:
Aponeuroses of abdominal wall muscles (interlaced)
How does the path of aponeurosis fibers in abdomen differ above and below (X)?
X = arcuate line
Above: some fibers pass anterior and some posterior to rectus abdominus
Below: all three fibers pass anterior to rectus abdominus
The rectus sheath contains:
- Rectus abdominus
2. Epigastric vessels
The inguinal ligament holds structures that pass from (X) to (Y) against the body during which action?
X = trunk Y = lower limb
Hip flexion
During male development, testes descend from (X) to (Y) by piercing (Z) layer(s).
X = abdominal cavity Y = scrotum
No layers pierced - just stretched out.
Internal opening of inguinal canal is called (X) and formed by (Y).
X = deep inguinal ring Y = gap in transversalis fascia
External opening of inguinal canal is called (X) and formed by (Y).
X = superficial inguinal ring Y = gap in external oblique fibers
In scrotum/spermatic cord, external abdominal oblique aponeurosis becomes (X) and muscle becomes (Y).
X = External spermatic fascia
Muscle not pulled into scrotum
In scrotum/spermatic cord, internal abdominal oblique aponeurosis becomes (X) and muscle becomes (Y).
X = cremasteric fascia Y = cremaster muscle
In scrotum/spermatic cord, transversus abdominus muscle becomes (X) and transversalis fascia becomes (Y).
X = nothing.. canal is inferior to muscle (which ends inferiorly by joining transversalis fascia) Y = internal spermatic fascia
Internal epigastric vessels are (medial/lateral) to deep inguinal ring.
Medial
(Increase/decrease) in intra-abdominal pressure will decrease likelihood of herniation. Why?
Increase;
Pressure will force posterior wall of inguinal canal against its anterior wall (due to its oblique path), strengthening the complex
(X) is a small area of potential weakness in abdominal wall, only reinforced posteriorly by (Y). It’s especially vulnerable to (Z).
X = inguinal (Hasselbach's) Triangle Y = transversalis fascia Z = hernias
Borders of Inguinal triangle
- Lateral side of rectus abdominus
- Inguinal ligament
- Inferior epigastric vessels
Indirect inguinal hernia, commonly (congenital/acquired), occurs when loops of intestine herniate through (X). (Y) vessels are (medial/lateral) to hernia.
Congenital;
X = inguinal canal
Y = inferior epigastric
Medial
Direct inguinal hernia, commonly (congenital/acquired), occurs when loops of intestine herniate through (X). (Y) vessels are (medial/lateral) to hernia.
Acquired;
X = inguinal triangle
Y = inferior epigastric
Lateral
T/F: In a direct hernia, intestines rarely enter the scrotum.
True
In general, vessels in the trunk wall originate from or drain to (vertically/horizontally)-oriented vessels located (anteriorly/posteriorly).
Vertically;
Both anteriorly and posteriorly
T/F: Neurovascular structures traveling in intercostal space supply underlying parietal pleura/peritoneum.
True
Neurovascular structures running within intercostal space travel (superior/inferior) to (lower/upper) rib, within (X) of rib.
Inferior; upper
X = costal groove
Trunk wall nerves supply (sensory/motor) to:
Motor to body wall muscles and sensory to overlying skin
List the nerve fiber types found in trunk wall.
- General somatic afferent AND efferent
2. General visceral efferent (sympathetic) (ex: sweat glands)
Intercostal nerves have (X) and (Y) cutaneous branches that further split into:
X = Lateral (A/P branches) Y = Anterior (M/L branches)
Umbilicus is typically at which corresponding segment of SC?
T10
There are (X)-oriented arteries along midline of thorax.
X = vertically
There are (X)-oriented arteries along lateral walls of thorax.
X = oblique
Internal thoracic artery runs along (anterior/posterior/lateral) wall of thorax. It’s a branch off of:
Anterior (midline);
Subclavian
Once internal thoracic artery passes (X), it becomes:
X = diaphragm
Superior epigastric
Anterior intercostal arteries are branches from:
Internal thoracic artery
Superior epigastric artery anastamosis with (X), a branch off of (Y).
X = inferior epigastric Y = external iliac artery
Veins in right thoracic region drain into (X), which drains into (Y).
X = azygous vein Y = superior vena cava
Veins in left thoracic region drain into (X), which drains into (Y).
X = hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins Y = azygous vein
