04a: Urinary System Flashcards by Nuna H

The urogenital system arises from which intraembryonic layer?

Intermediate mesoderm

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Wolfian ducts, aka (X) ducts, are part of (Y) system.

X = mesonephric
Y = mesonephros

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Muellerian ducts, aka (X) ducts, grow next to (Y), due to induction by (Z).

X = paramesonephric
Y = mesonephric ducts
Z = mesonephros system

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The (X) system, that represents the definitive kidneys, grew from (Y) system.

X = metanephros
Y = mesonephros

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In early development, one “sewer” called (X) serves as (inflow/outflow) for what?

X = cloaca

Outflow;
All (collective) waste

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Which structures in urinary system are retroperitoneal? And intraperitoneal?

All are retroperitoneal

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Two early versions of the kidney, (X) and (Y), develop. What’s their role upon formation of final kidney system?

X = pronephros
Y = mesonephros

They regress

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Mesonephric tubules are induced to form by (X). They empty into (Y).

X = pronephros
Y = mesonephros

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The (X) duct forms along craniocaudal gradient, attaching to (Y) at caudal end.

X = mesonephric
Y = cloaca

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The ureteric bud grows from (X) near (cranial/caudal) end.

X = mesonephric duct

Caudal (near cloaca)

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The ureteric bud grows and branches to become (X). Its branches interact with (Y).

X = collecting duct system of kidney
Y = metanephric blastema cells

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(X) induces formation of (Y) tubules, which form parts of nephron.

X = interaction between ureteric buds and metanephric blastema

Y = renal

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Metanephric kidneys first develop in (X) region. They then move (cranially/caudally) till which SC segment?

X = pelvic
Cranially;
T12/L1

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Which embryonic structure forms function kidney units?

Metanephric blastema

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(X) cells, that will become eggs/sperm, migrate from and to which locations in embryo? They travel via (Y).

X = primordial germ cells

From yolk sac to posterior body wall

Y = dorsal mesentery

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Arrival of PCGs to (X) induces (Y) to form (Z). This then induces formation of:

X = posterior body wall
Y = mesonephros
Z = pair of genital ridges

Formation of primitive sex cords

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At about the same time as formation of genital ridges, (X) ducts form just (medial/lateral) to (Y) ducts.

X = paramesonephric

Lateral;

Y = mesonephric

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The indifferent stage has “(X) pipes and a (Y)”. What does that refer to?

X = 6
Y = sewer

Pairs of mesonephric, paramesoneprhic, and metanephros; all empty into cloaca

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The collecting system of adult kidney includes:

Minor and major calyces
Renal pelvis
Ureter

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What are the two layers of adult kidney? Star the outer layer.

Cortex*

2. Medulla

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(X) are medullary extensions of the cortex. What’s their function?

X = columns of kidney

Anchor cortex

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“Pyramids” of kidney refers to:

Medulla

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What stops the (descent/ascent) of the developing kidney?

Ascent;

Suprarenal glands are reached

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During development, the kidneys move (inferiorly/superiorly), (medically/laterally), and rotate (X) degrees so that (Y) structure faces midline.

Superiorly; laterally;

X = 90
Y = renal pelvis

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T/F: As developing kidneys move, they are progressively revascularized by different arterial branches.

True

Bifid renal pelvis and ureter arises from:

Too much division of ureteric bud

In horseshoe kidney, (X) hinders their migration during development. How?

X = IMA Their fused inferior poles get caught on it

An ectopic pelvic kidney is condition in which:

Kidney fails to ascend

T/F: both kidneys are located on same horizontal plane in adult.

False - left is higher (due to liver on right side)

Gerota's capsule is a name for (X), which surrounds:

X = renal fascia 1. Kidney 2. Adrenal gland 3. Layer of surrounding perirenal fat

Renal fascia fuses (anteriorly/posteriorly/medically/laterally) with (X).

Posteromedially; Muscular fascia of psoas major and quadratus lumborum

List the renal vessels and their origin (arteries) or destination (veins).

1. L/R renal arteries (aorta) | 2. L/R renal veins (IVC)

List the suprarenal arteries and their origins.

1. Superior (inferior phrenic) 2. Middle (aorta) 3. Inferior (renal artery)

Renal veins are (anterior/posterior/adjacent) to renal arteries.

Ureters pass (anterior/posterior) to gonadal vessels.

Posterior

Ureters are (X) tubes that pass (over/under) pelvic brim at which landmark?

X = muscular Over; Location where common iliac a bifurcates

Ureters are constricted at which locations?

1. Junction of ureter and renal pelvis 2. Crossing brim of pelvic inlet 3. Passage of wall into bladder

The sites of ureter constriction can be problematic in which clinical scenario?

Kidney stones (Nephrolithiasis)

List nearby autonomic plexuses that innervate ureters

1. Renal 2. Aortic 3. Superior and inferior hypogastric

Ureters are very sensitive to which type of force?

Stretch

Pain from ureters follows (parasym/sympathetic) pathway to (X) SC region. Which quadrant is pain felt in?

Sympathetic; T10-L1; Lower quadrant (inguinal region)

Cloaca is eventually divided into (X) and (Y) by (Z) septum.

``` X = urogenital sinus Y = rectum Z = urorectal ```

Median umbilical ligament was a fibrous band called (X), that was a tube in embryo called (Y).

``` X = urachus Y = Allantois ```

Connection of bladder and ureters occurs when (X) invaginates (anterior/posterior/lateral) bladder wall and brings (Y) into wall.

X = mesonephric duct Posterior; Y = ureteric buds

During connection of ureters and bladder, the (X) duct is carried inferiorly to the level of (Y).

``` X = mesonephric Y = pelvic urethra ```

Upon connection of ureters and bladder, a (X)-shape characterizes the area between the ureters and (Y).

``` X = trigone (triangular) Y = urethral opening ```

The bladder sits immediately posterior to which pelvic landmark?

Pubic symphysis

Peritoneum is found immediately (below/enveloping/above) bladder.

Above

Internal urethral sphincter is composed of (X) muscle, which is (smooth/striated) and under (somatic/autonomic) nervous control.

X = (continuation of) detrusor (bladder) Both smooth and striated; Autonomic

External urethral sphincter is composed of (smooth/striated) muscle and under (somatic/autonomic) nervous control.

Striated (skeletal); | Somatic

Urinary incontinence affects (X)% of adults and can present in which forms?

X = 10-35 1. Urge incontinence 2. Stress incontinence

Involuntary urine loss resulting from detrusor overactivity.

Urge incontinence

Involuntary urine loss resulting from weakness of sphincters.

Stress incontinence

(X) structure is shorter in (males/females), contributing to increased prominence of urinary incontinence in that population.

X = urethra Females

Infants in utero swallow and excrete (X). This process contributes to normal development of (Y).

``` X = amniotic fluid Y = fetal lungs ```

Polyhydramnios refers to:

Fetus not swallowing enough amniotic fluid in utero

Polyhydramnios can eventually cause:

Early rupture of amniotic membrane (pre-term labor)

Oligohyrdramnios refers to:

Too little amniotic fluid surrounding fetus (may not be excreting it or may be placental problems)

Anhyrdramnios refers to:

Absent amniotic fluid surrounding fetus

Persistent oligohydramnios results in (X), which can lead to (Y) and, if severe, can be fatal.

``` X = pulmonary hypoplasia Y = respiratory distress ```