02c: GI Anatomy and Function

Question 1

Esophagus is (cartilaginous/muscular/smooth) tube that conveys food from (Y) to (Z).

Answer 1

Muscular;
Y = pharynx
Z = stomach

Question 2

Which muscle type found in esophagus?

Answer 2

Proximal 1/3: skeletal
Middle 1/3: skeletal and smooth
Distal 1/3: smooth

Question 3

Nerve/blood supply to esophagus is like that of (body wall/viscera).

Answer 3

Both (transition), depending on which portion/muscle type of esophagus

Question 4

In thorax, esophagus receives blood from (X) and drains into (Y).

Answer 4

X = direct midline esophageal branches (aorta)
Y = azygous system

Question 5

In abdomen, esophagus receives blood from (X) and drains into (Y).

Answer 5

X = left gastric artery (celiac trunk)
Y = left gastric vein

Question 6

Esophagus terminates at which point?

Answer 6

Passes through esophageal hiatus (in diaphragm) and enters cardiac notch of stomach

Question 7

(X) musculature forms the inferior esophageal sphincter. What’s the key function of this sphincter?

Answer 7

X = diaphragmatic

Prevents reflux of gastric contents back into esophagus

Question 8

Dilated superior part of stomach is called:

Answer 8

the fundus

Question 9

Outlet of stomach is guarded by (X) sphincter.

Answer 9

X = pyloric

Question 10

Emptying of stomach is dependent on (X) pressure, which overcomes (Y) resistance.

Answer 10

X = intragastric
Y = pyloric sphincter's

Question 11

T/F: Inner walls of stomach are smooth.

Answer 11

False - gastric folds (rugae)

Question 12

What occurs in pyloric stenosis?

Answer 12

Gastric outlet obstruction due to hypertrophy/hyperplasia of pylorus muscle layers

Question 13

(X) plexus forms around inferior esophagus. Which nerve is the source of this (somatic/sympathetic/parasympathetic) plexus?

Answer 13

X = esophageal
Parasympathetic;
Vagus nerve

Question 14

Parasympathetic innervation to stomach: (X) continues through the esophageal hiatus as (Y).

Answer 14

X = esophageal plexus
Y = anterior and posterior gastric branches

Question 15

Hiatal hernia is:

Answer 15

protrusion of part of stomach through esophageal hiatus (in diaphragm)

Question 16

In (X) hiatal hernia, (Y) of stomach remains in place and (Z) herniates through. Reflux?

Answer 16

X = paraesophageal
Y = cardia
Z = fundus

No reflux

Question 17

In (X) hiatal hernia, both distal esophagus and proximal stomach are displaced (downward/upward). Reflux?

Answer 17

X = sliding
Upward (through esophageal hiatus);
Reflux possible

Question 18

(X) part of duodenum receives (Y) ducts.

Answer 18

X = second (descending)
Y = common bile and pancreatic

Question 19

(X) part of duodenum sandwiched between (Y) vessels.

Answer 19

X = third (horizontal)
Y = SMA/SMV and major vessels (aorta/IVC)

Question 20

Suspensory muscle of duodenum is called:

Answer 20

ligament of Treitz

Question 21

Pancreas has (X) cells that release (Y).

Answer 21

X = exocrine
Y = digestive enzymes

Question 22

Gallbladder holds (X), produced by (Y). What’s the function of (X)?

Answer 22

X = bile
Y = liver

Fat emulsification

Question 23

Hepatopancreatic ampulla is:

Answer 23

Site where bile and pancreatic duct come together (and empty into duodenum)

Question 24

Major site of transition between foregut and midgut is at:

Answer 24

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 25

Major duodenal papilla is:

Answer 25

Site/opening into which hepatopancreatic ampulla secretes contents

Question 26

Caudate lobe is (superior/inferior) to quadrate lobe. What separates them?

Answer 26

Superior; | Porta hepatis

Question 27

Portal vein transports blood (to/from) liver, (to/from) (X). What's the purpose?

Answer 27

To; from X = small intestine Contains nutrients, fats, CHO, etc. to be metabolized by liver

Question 28

Liver has (X) number of independent segments with its own (Y).

Answer 28

``` X = 8 Y = hepatic artery branch, portal vein branch, and hepatic duct ```

Question 29

Gallstones may form if:

Answer 29

1. Bile has too much cholesterol or bilirubin 2. Bile has not enough bile salts 3. Gallbladder doesn't empty completely/often enough

Question 30

When gallstones block (X), they can cause sudden pain in which region?

Answer 30

X = ducts of biliary tract Upper right abdomen

Question 31

Removal of gallbladder is called:

Answer 31

Cholecystectomy

Question 32

Spleen develops in (ventral/dorsal) mesogastrium.

Answer 32

Dorsal

Question 33

In an adult, function of spleen is to:

Answer 33

Store and recycle blood

Question 34

Most vascular organ in body is:

Answer 34

Spleen

Question 35

List the anomalies of (foregut/midgut/hindgut) rotation, from most to least common.

Answer 35

Midgut; 1. Nonrotation 2. Incomplete rotation (180o)

Question 36

Incomplete rotation of intestines is susceptible to (X), which is abnormal twisting of loop of bowel on its (Y).

Answer 36

``` X = volvulus Y = mesentery ```

Question 37

A persistent yolk, aka (X), duct in adult is a condition referred to as:

Answer 37

X = vitelline Meckel's diverticulum

Question 38

T/F: Meckel's diverticulum is often asymptomatic.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Omphalocele occurs as a result of:

Answer 39

Failure of organs to retract into body during development

Question 40

Gastroschisis occurs as result of:

Answer 40

Failure of body wall to fuse

Question 41

In (omphalocele/gastroschisis), organs are covered by peritoneum.

Answer 41

Omphalocele

Question 42

Rectum able to hold weight of fec via which mechanisms?

Answer 42

1. Follows sacral curve until sharp bend 2. Lateral flexures (3) 3. Ampulla able to relax/expand to accommodate mass

Question 43

The anal valves form important demarcation, called (X), at which (Y) occurs.

Answer 43

``` X = pectinate (dentate) line Y = transition in arterial, venous/lymph, and innervation patterns (from visceral to somatic) ```

Question 44

The (caudate/quadrate) lobe is adjacent to gallbladder.

Answer 44

Quadrate

Question 45

The (X) parts of (Y) ligament attach liver to diaphragm.

Answer 45

``` X = triangular Y = coronary ```

Question 46

(X) has teniae coli.

Answer 46

X = sigmoid colon

Question 47

(X) has omental appendages.

Answer 47

X = sigmoid colon