02c: GI Anatomy and Function Flashcards
Esophagus is (cartilaginous/muscular/smooth) tube that conveys food from (Y) to (Z).
Muscular;
Y = pharynx
Z = stomach
Which muscle type found in esophagus?
Proximal 1/3: skeletal
Middle 1/3: skeletal and smooth
Distal 1/3: smooth
Nerve/blood supply to esophagus is like that of (body wall/viscera).
Both (transition), depending on which portion/muscle type of esophagus
In thorax, esophagus receives blood from (X) and drains into (Y).
X = direct midline esophageal branches (aorta) Y = azygous system
In abdomen, esophagus receives blood from (X) and drains into (Y).
X = left gastric artery (celiac trunk) Y = left gastric vein
Esophagus terminates at which point?
Passes through esophageal hiatus (in diaphragm) and enters cardiac notch of stomach
(X) musculature forms the inferior esophageal sphincter. What’s the key function of this sphincter?
X = diaphragmatic
Prevents reflux of gastric contents back into esophagus
Dilated superior part of stomach is called:
the fundus
Outlet of stomach is guarded by (X) sphincter.
X = pyloric
Emptying of stomach is dependent on (X) pressure, which overcomes (Y) resistance.
X = intragastric Y = pyloric sphincter's
T/F: Inner walls of stomach are smooth.
False - gastric folds (rugae)
What occurs in pyloric stenosis?
Gastric outlet obstruction due to hypertrophy/hyperplasia of pylorus muscle layers
(X) plexus forms around inferior esophagus. Which nerve is the source of this (somatic/sympathetic/parasympathetic) plexus?
X = esophageal
Parasympathetic;
Vagus nerve
Parasympathetic innervation to stomach: (X) continues through the esophageal hiatus as (Y).
X = esophageal plexus Y = anterior and posterior gastric branches
Hiatal hernia is:
protrusion of part of stomach through esophageal hiatus (in diaphragm)
In (X) hiatal hernia, (Y) of stomach remains in place and (Z) herniates through. Reflux?
X = paraesophageal Y = cardia Z = fundus
No reflux
In (X) hiatal hernia, both distal esophagus and proximal stomach are displaced (downward/upward). Reflux?
X = sliding
Upward (through esophageal hiatus);
Reflux possible
(X) part of duodenum receives (Y) ducts.
X = second (descending) Y = common bile and pancreatic
(X) part of duodenum sandwiched between (Y) vessels.
X = third (horizontal) Y = SMA/SMV and major vessels (aorta/IVC)
Suspensory muscle of duodenum is called:
ligament of Treitz
Pancreas has (X) cells that release (Y).
X = exocrine Y = digestive enzymes
Gallbladder holds (X), produced by (Y). What’s the function of (X)?
X = bile Y = liver
Fat emulsification
Hepatopancreatic ampulla is:
Site where bile and pancreatic duct come together (and empty into duodenum)
Major site of transition between foregut and midgut is at:
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Major duodenal papilla is:
Site/opening into which hepatopancreatic ampulla secretes contents
Caudate lobe is (superior/inferior) to quadrate lobe. What separates them?
Superior;
Porta hepatis
Portal vein transports blood (to/from) liver, (to/from) (X). What’s the purpose?
To; from
X = small intestine
Contains nutrients, fats, CHO, etc. to be metabolized by liver
Liver has (X) number of independent segments with its own (Y).
X = 8 Y = hepatic artery branch, portal vein branch, and hepatic duct
Gallstones may form if:
- Bile has too much cholesterol or bilirubin
- Bile has not enough bile salts
- Gallbladder doesn’t empty completely/often enough
When gallstones block (X), they can cause sudden pain in which region?
X = ducts of biliary tract
Upper right abdomen
Removal of gallbladder is called:
Cholecystectomy
Spleen develops in (ventral/dorsal) mesogastrium.
Dorsal
In an adult, function of spleen is to:
Store and recycle blood
Most vascular organ in body is:
Spleen
List the anomalies of (foregut/midgut/hindgut) rotation, from most to least common.
Midgut;
- Nonrotation
- Incomplete rotation (180o)
Incomplete rotation of intestines is susceptible to (X), which is abnormal twisting of loop of bowel on its (Y).
X = volvulus Y = mesentery
A persistent yolk, aka (X), duct in adult is a condition referred to as:
X = vitelline
Meckel’s diverticulum
T/F: Meckel’s diverticulum is often asymptomatic.
True
Omphalocele occurs as a result of:
Failure of organs to retract into body during development
Gastroschisis occurs as result of:
Failure of body wall to fuse
In (omphalocele/gastroschisis), organs are covered by peritoneum.
Omphalocele
Rectum able to hold weight of fec via which mechanisms?
- Follows sacral curve until sharp bend
- Lateral flexures (3)
- Ampulla able to relax/expand to accommodate mass
The anal valves form important demarcation, called (X), at which (Y) occurs.
X = pectinate (dentate) line Y = transition in arterial, venous/lymph, and innervation patterns (from visceral to somatic)
The (caudate/quadrate) lobe is adjacent to gallbladder.
Quadrate
The (X) parts of (Y) ligament attach liver to diaphragm.
X = triangular Y = coronary
(X) has teniae coli.
X = sigmoid colon
(X) has omental appendages.
X = sigmoid colon
