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Respiratory System > 02.1 Lower Respiratory Tract - Anatomy > Flashcards

02.1 Lower Respiratory Tract - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the true ribs and why are they true ribs?

A

1-7

Connected by costal cartilage to sternum

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2
Q

How are ribs 8-12 connected?

A

8-10 connected to costal cartilage above

11,12 are floating ribs with their ends free in the abdominal muscles

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3
Q

Which ribs are typical?

A

3-9

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4
Q

What are the features of a typical rib?

A

Shaft
Costal groove on inferior surface
Articulating process for the transverse process
Neck
Head
2 Articulate facets, for corresponding vertebrae and the one above

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5
Q

Why is rib 1 considered atypical?

A

Rib 1 is short, broad and the most curved

It has a single articular facet

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6
Q

Why is rib 2 considered atypical?

A

Poorly marked costal groove

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7
Q

Why are ribs 11-12 considered atypical?

A

Single facet
No tubercle
Floating

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8
Q

What are the three intercostal muscles in each intercostal space?

A

External
Internal
Innermost

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9
Q

What direction do the external intercostal muscle fibres run?

A

Inferiorly and anteriorly

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10
Q

What does contraction of the external intercostal muscles do?

A

Elevates the ribs.

Elevating upper ribs increases AP diameter.
Elevation of lower ribs increases lateral diameter.

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11
Q

What is the role of the internal and innermost intercostal muscles?

A

To depress the ribs during forced expiration.

Reduces AP and lateral diameters of the chest.

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12
Q

Where does each rib’s neurovascular bundle run?

A

In the costal groove of each rib

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13
Q

What nerves are in the neurovascular bundle, where do they run and what do they supply?

A

Anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves, T1-T12

Between internal and innermost intercostal muscles

Supply the intercostal muscles, parietal pleura and overlying skin

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14
Q

What arteries supply the intercostal muscles?

A

Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries.

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15
Q

How many arteries are in each intercostal space?

A

1x posterior artery from the thoracic aorta

2x anterior artery from the internal thoracic artery

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16
Q

What is the venous drainage of the intercostal spaces?

A

Primarily into the azygos system.

Some drainage into the internal thoracic vein.

17
Q

What makes up the azygos system?

A

Azygos vein - Right aide

Hemiazygos vein and accessory hemiazygos vein - Left side

18
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3,C4,C5)

19
Q

At what level is the opening for the vena cava in the diaphragm?

A

T8

20
Q

At what level is the opening for the oesophagus in the diaphragm?

A

T10

21
Q

At what level is the opening for the aorta in the diaphragm?

A

T12

22
Q

What is the level of the diaphragm domes during expiration?

A

Right - behind 5th rib MCL

Left - 5th ICS, MCL

23
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

The pleura lined gutters that the lungs don’t fill.

24
Q

What are the borders of the trachea?

A

Lower border of cricoid cartilage to the carina

25
Q

What are the most inferior points of the pleura in terms of body markings?

A

8th rib, mid clavicular line
10th rib, mid axillary line
12th rib, in the scapular line

26
Q

What are the inferior limits of the lungs in terms of body markings?

A

6th rib MCL
8th rib Mid axillary line
10th rib Scapular line

27
Q

Which bronchi is stuff more likely to get stuck in and why?

A

Right bronchi as it is shorter, wider and more vertical

28
Q

What can an apical lung tumour involve?

A

Brachial plexus
Subclavian vessels
Sympathetic trunk

29
Q

What structures can be found in the superior mediastinum?

A 
Superior vena cava
Brachiocephalic veins
Arch of aorta
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct
Thymus
Vagus nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Phrenic nerve
30
Q

What can be found in the middle mediastinum?

A 
Pericardium
Heart
Roots of the great vessels
Azygos vein
Main bronchi
31
Q

What can be found in the posterior mediastinum?

A 
Oesophagus
Thoracic aorta
Azygos and hemiazygos veins
Sympathetic trunks
Vagus nerve
Splanchnic nerves
32
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

Respiratory System (18 decks)

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