02 Antimicrobials & Resistance Flashcards by 3sha Ann | Brainscape

Q

Substances that inhibit, kill, or destroy microorganisms

A

Antimicrobial agents

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Q

Streptomycin came from ____ spp.

A

Streptomyces

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Q

Penicillin came from ___

A

P. notatum

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Q

Examples of narrow spectrum antimicrobials

A

Penicillin G,
Bacitracin
Clindamycin
Erythromycin
Polymyxin B
Vancomycin

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Q

Examples of broad spectrum antimicrobials

A

Tetracycline
Ampicillin
Cephalosporin

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Q

Source of cephalosporins

A

Acromonium

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Q

Structurally similar to penicillin but better able to withstand B-lactamase and more modifiable

A

Cephalosporins

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Q

The original cephalosporin

A

Cephalosporin C

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Q

Inhibits enzymes needed for peptidoglycan formation

A

Beta-lacram drugs

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Cefprozil

A

1

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Cefuroxime

A

1

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Cefixime

A

2

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Cefotaxime

A

2

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Ceftazidime

A

3

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Cefepime

A

4

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Ceftaroline

A

5

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Ceftobiprole

A

5

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

narrow spectrum

A

1

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

extended spectrum

A

2

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

broad spectrum

A

3

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

extended spectrum

A

4

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Q

T/F: Carbapenems are effective for MRSA and VRE

A

F

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Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor that is effective for Gr (-) enterics and Pseudomonas

A

Carbapenems

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Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

Monobactams
Carbapenems

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Q

Binds to terminal D-Ala-D-Ala of the pentapeptidyl-glycosyl peptidoglycan intermediates

A

Glycopeptides

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Q

DOC for MRSA

A

Vancomycin

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Q

Glycopeptides are ___ spectrum

A

narrow

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Q

Glycopeptides are limited to Gr ___ organisms only

A

positive

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Q

The use of this drug requires the monitoring of blood when used for more than three days

A

Vancomycin

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Q

Gr (+) organisms that are resistant to glycopeptides

A

Erysipelothrix
Lactobacillus
Pediococcus
Leuconostoc

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Q

Inhibits the synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursors in the cytoplasm

A

Cycloserine

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Q

2nd line drug for TB

A

Cycloserine

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Q

Act like detergents which interact with phospholipids

A

Polymyxins

Q

Agent of last resort to P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter infection

A

Polymyxins

Q

Source of bacitracin

A

Bacillus licheniformis

Q

A topical antibiotic that inhibits the transport of lipid-bound precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Bacitracin

Q

Disrupts the membranes of Gr (+) bacteria

A

Lipopeptides

Q

Effective for VRSA, VRE, MRSA

A

Lipopeptides

Q

Binds to dihydropteroate synthase and is a competitive inhibitor of folic acid synthesis

A

Sulfonamides and sulfamethoxazole

Q

Blocks the step leading to formation tetrahydrofolate by preventing dihydrofolate reductase mediated recycling of folate coenzymes

A

Trimethoprim

Q

Used for chronic UTI and enterics such as E. coli and H. moraxella

A

Trimethoprim

Q

Bind and interfere with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

A

Fluoroquinolones

Q

Effective for anaerobes, microaerophiles, protozoans, Gardnerella, C. difficile

A

Metronidazole

Q

Prophylaxis for N. meningitidis

A

Rifamycins

Q

Inhibits translation through inhibition of elongation step; preventing attachment of amino acid

A

chloramphenicol

Q

Toxic effects of chloramphenicol

A

Aplastic anemia
Gray baby syndrome

Q

Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 23s RNA of the 50s ribosomal subunit inhibiting transfer RNA

A

Macrolides

Q

T/F: macrolides are mostly bacteriostatic

A

T

Q

DOC for CAP

A

Clindamycin

Q

DOC for L. pneumophila

A

Erythromycin

Q

The overuse of clindamycin leads to ___

A

pseudomembranous colitis

Q

Inhibits protein synthesis by binding reversibly to the 30s ribosomal subunit

A

Tetracycline and doxycycline

Q

Used for intracellular pathogens such as Mycoplasma, Spirochetes, Shigella

A

Tetracycline and doxycycline

Q

Used for Mycoplasma, Treponemes, and Rickettsia

A

Macrolides

Q

Contraindicated for pregnant women

A

Tetracycline and doxycycline

Q

Often used together with penicillin in order to diffuse and enter bacterial cell

A

Aminoglycosides

Q

Used for S. pyogenes infection

A

Aminoglycosides

Q

1st Line TB drugs

A

Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide

Q

1st Line TB drug:

interferes with formation of mycolic acid

A

Isoniazid

Q

1st Line TB drug:

inhibit DNA dependent RNA polymerase

A

Rifampicin

Q

1st Line TB drug:

Bactericidal

A

Pyrazinamide

Q

2nd Line TB drugs

A

Ethambutol
Streptomycin

Q

2nd Line TB drug:

Inhibit mycolic acid

A

Ethambutol

Q

2nd Line TB drug:

Aminoglycoside that inhibits the 30s ribosomal unit

A

Streptomycin

Q

Changes that result in observably reduced susceptibility of an organism to a particular antimicrobial agent

A

biologic resistance

Q

Decreased pH leads to ___, ___, and ___ resistance

A

aminoglycoside
erythromycin
clindamycin

Q

Increased pH leads to ___ resistance

A

tetracycline

Q

Anaerobic environment decreased the activity of ___

A

aminoglycoside

Q

Mg and Ca conc. decreases the activity of ___ to ___

A

aminoglycosides
P. aeruginosa

Q

Folate metabolites can decrease activity of ___ and ___ against ___

A

sulfonamide
trimethoprim
enterococci

Q

Mechanism of intrinsic resistance:

sessile bacterial communities

A

biofilms

Q

Mechanism of intrinsic resistance:

irreversibly attached to solid surfaces

A

biofilms

Q

Mechanism of intrinsic resistance:

embedded in exopolysaccharide matrix

A

biofilms

Q

Mechanism of intrinsic resistance:

leads to decreased penetration of antibiotics, formation of persister cells

A

biofilms

Q

The resistance of S. saprophyticus to novobiocin is an example of ___ resistance

A

intrinsic

Q

Genus of bacteria that have intrinsT/Fic resistance of polymyxins

A

Proteus
Providencia
Morganella
Edwardsiella

Q

T/F: acquired resistance is unpredictable

A

T

Q

Causes of acquired resistance

A

prior exposure
changes in the genetic make up

Q

The gene mutated in S. pneumoniae, leading to acquired macrolide resistance

A

mefA gene

Q

The gene mutated in S. aureus and Enterococcus, leading to acquired macrolide resistance

A

mrsA gene

Q

The gene mutated in S. agalactiae, leading to acquired macrolide resistance

A

mreA gene