02 Antimicrobials & Resistance Flashcards by 3sha Ann

Q

Substances that inhibit, kill, or destroy microorganisms

A

Antimicrobial agents

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Q

Streptomycin came from ____ spp.

A

Streptomyces

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Q

Penicillin came from ___

A

P. notatum

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Q

Examples of narrow spectrum antimicrobials

A

Penicillin G,
Bacitracin
Clindamycin
Erythromycin
Polymyxin B
Vancomycin

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Q

Examples of broad spectrum antimicrobials

A

Tetracycline
Ampicillin
Cephalosporin

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Q

Source of cephalosporins

A

Acromonium

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Q

Structurally similar to penicillin but better able to withstand B-lactamase and more modifiable

A

Cephalosporins

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Q

The original cephalosporin

A

Cephalosporin C

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Q

Inhibits enzymes needed for peptidoglycan formation

A

Beta-lacram drugs

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Cefprozil

A

1

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Cefuroxime

A

1

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Cefixime

A

2

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Cefotaxime

A

2

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Ceftazidime

A

3

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Cefepime

A

4

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Ceftaroline

A

5

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

Ceftobiprole

A

5

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

narrow spectrum

A

1

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

extended spectrum

A

2

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

broad spectrum

A

3

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Q

Identify the cephalosporin generation:

extended spectrum

A

4

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Q

T/F: Carbapenems are effective for MRSA and VRE

A

F

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Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor that is effective for Gr (-) enterics and Pseudomonas

A

Carbapenems

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Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

Monobactams
Carbapenems

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Binds to terminal D-Ala-D-Ala of the pentapeptidyl-glycosyl peptidoglycan intermediates

Glycopeptides

DOC for MRSA

Vancomycin

Glycopeptides are ___ spectrum

narrow

Glycopeptides are limited to Gr ___ organisms only

positive

The use of this drug requires the monitoring of blood when used for more than three days

Vancomycin

Gr (+) organisms that are resistant to glycopeptides

Erysipelothrix Lactobacillus Pediococcus Leuconostoc

Inhibits the synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursors in the cytoplasm

Cycloserine

2nd line drug for TB

Cycloserine

Act like detergents which interact with phospholipids

Polymyxins

Agent of last resort to P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter infection

Polymyxins

Source of bacitracin

Bacillus licheniformis

A topical antibiotic that inhibits the transport of lipid-bound precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane

Bacitracin

Disrupts the membranes of Gr (+) bacteria

Lipopeptides

Effective for VRSA, VRE, MRSA

Lipopeptides

Binds to dihydropteroate synthase and is a competitive inhibitor of folic acid synthesis

Sulfonamides and sulfamethoxazole

Blocks the step leading to formation tetrahydrofolate by preventing dihydrofolate reductase mediated recycling of folate coenzymes

Trimethoprim

Used for chronic UTI and enterics such as E. coli and H. moraxella

Trimethoprim

Bind and interfere with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

Fluoroquinolones

Effective for anaerobes, microaerophiles, protozoans, Gardnerella, C. difficile

Metronidazole

Prophylaxis for N. meningitidis

Rifamycins

Inhibits translation through inhibition of elongation step; preventing attachment of amino acid

chloramphenicol

Toxic effects of chloramphenicol

Aplastic anemia Gray baby syndrome

Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 23s RNA of the 50s ribosomal subunit inhibiting transfer RNA

Macrolides

T/F: macrolides are mostly bacteriostatic

T

DOC for CAP

Clindamycin

DOC for L. pneumophila

Erythromycin

The overuse of clindamycin leads to ___

pseudomembranous colitis

Inhibits protein synthesis by binding reversibly to the 30s ribosomal subunit

Tetracycline and doxycycline

Used for intracellular pathogens such as Mycoplasma, Spirochetes, Shigella

Tetracycline and doxycycline

Used for Mycoplasma, Treponemes, and Rickettsia

Macrolides

Contraindicated for pregnant women

Tetracycline and doxycycline

Often used together with penicillin in order to diffuse and enter bacterial cell

Aminoglycosides

Used for S. pyogenes infection

Aminoglycosides

1st Line TB drugs

Isoniazid Rifampicin Pyrazinamide

1st Line TB drug: interferes with formation of mycolic acid

Isoniazid

1st Line TB drug: inhibit DNA dependent RNA polymerase

Rifampicin

1st Line TB drug: Bactericidal

Pyrazinamide

2nd Line TB drugs

Ethambutol Streptomycin

2nd Line TB drug: Inhibit mycolic acid

Ethambutol

2nd Line TB drug: Aminoglycoside that inhibits the 30s ribosomal unit

Streptomycin

Changes that result in observably reduced susceptibility of an organism to a particular antimicrobial agent

biologic resistance

Decreased pH leads to ___, ___, and ___ resistance

aminoglycoside erythromycin clindamycin

Increased pH leads to ___ resistance

tetracycline

Anaerobic environment decreased the activity of ___

aminoglycoside

Mg and Ca conc. decreases the activity of ___ to ___

aminoglycosides P. aeruginosa

Folate metabolites can decrease activity of ___ and ___ against ___

sulfonamide trimethoprim enterococci

Mechanism of intrinsic resistance: sessile bacterial communities

biofilms

Mechanism of intrinsic resistance: irreversibly attached to solid surfaces

biofilms

Mechanism of intrinsic resistance: embedded in exopolysaccharide matrix

biofilms

Mechanism of intrinsic resistance: leads to decreased penetration of antibiotics, formation of persister cells

biofilms

The resistance of S. saprophyticus to novobiocin is an example of ___ resistance

intrinsic

Genus of bacteria that have intrinsT/Fic resistance of polymyxins

Proteus Providencia Morganella Edwardsiella

T/F: acquired resistance is unpredictable

T

Causes of acquired resistance

prior exposure changes in the genetic make up

The gene mutated in S. pneumoniae, leading to acquired macrolide resistance

mefA gene

The gene mutated in S. aureus and Enterococcus, leading to acquired macrolide resistance

mrsA gene

The gene mutated in S. agalactiae, leading to acquired macrolide resistance

mreA gene