009 Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

How does diabetic ketoacidosis occur?

Answer 1

1. No prescence of insulin; glucagon is unopposed
2. Tricks body into starvation mode
3. Results in gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, lipolysis
4. Fatty acids are converted to ketones in the liver
5. Ketones are very acidic which lowers pH

Question 2

What are Kimmelstein wilson nodules?

Answer 2

Glomerular sclerosis, which is pink hyaline material.

Question 3

Which residue does glucose form schiff bases with on proteins?

Answer 3

Lysine

Question 4

How does diabetes affect superoxide dismutase?

Answer 4

Glycosylate superoxide dismutase, removing superoxide anions as byproduct of metabolism. This is inhibited.

Question 5

How does diabetes affect the glutathione redox cycle?

Answer 5

Prevents this glutathione from removing hydrogen peroxide, which causes more protein damage especially in presence of metals.