๐ท๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ Flashcards
What are primary bone tumors?
Tumors that develop from bone cells when they divide uncontrollably
Name 4 types of bone cells that can lead to primary bone tumors.
Osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, chondrocyte/chondroblast
List 3 risk factors for primary bone tumors.
Genetic disorders (e.g., Li-Fraumeni syndrome), Pagetโs disease, radiation
What are the 3 main classification methods for bone tumors?
Clinical (benign vs malignant), histology (based on cell origin), radiological (extent of spread)
What is the malignant counterpart to osteoid osteoma?
Osteosarcoma
Describe the key characteristics of osteoid osteoma.
โฆ๏ธBenign bone lesion which is small but very painful & relieved by anti-inflammatories
โฆ๏ธMostly occurs in the proximal femur
โฆ๏ธDiaphyseal in location
Where does osteoid osteoma most commonly occur?
Proximal femur
What is the key difference between osteoblastoma and osteoid osteoma?
โฆ๏ธOsteoblastoma is larger and more aggressive
โฆ๏ธCommonly occurs in the spine
โฆ๏ธNot relieved by aspirin
What symptom is characteristic of osteoblastoma that differentiates it from osteoid osteoma?
Dull pain not relieved by aspirin
Describe osteoclastoma (Giant Cell Tumor).
โฆ๏ธUncommon benign tumor characterized by multinucleated giant cells
โฆ๏ธPresents with pain and swelling
Where do osteoclastomas typically originate from?
Epiphyseal long bone
What is osteoma/exostosis?
A new piece of bone usually growing on another piece of bone, typically the skull
Which bone tumor shows a bimodal prevalence in 10-18 years and 40-60 years?
Osteosarcoma
What is the most common location for osteosarcoma?
Distal femur, followed by proximal tibia, proximal humerus, and distal radius
What is the key characteristic of osteochondroma?
Benign cartilage-capped bony projection that grows away from joint toward diaphyseal region
Which bone tumor is the most common in the hand?
Enchondroma
What is the defining feature of enchondroma?
Benign cartilage within the intramedullary cavity of the bone
Where do chondroblastomas most commonly occur?
Around the knee
What is the origin site for chondroblastomas?
Epiphyseal plate
What is Ewingโs sarcoma?
A malignant round cell sarcoma of the bone
What characteristic genetic abnormality is associated with Ewingโs sarcoma?
11:22 translocation
What are the systemic symptoms associated with bone tumors arising from the diaphysis?
Fever, anemia
What is the typical radiological appearance of bone tumors with onion-skin periosteal reaction?
Diaphyseal bone tumors
What percentage of bone tumors arise from a different source with metastasis to the bone?
0.93
Name the 5 most common primary tumors that metastasize to bone.
Lungs, breast, kidney, thyroid, prostate
How are carcinomas usually spread to the bone?
By hematogenous spread
What are the three staging categories for benign bone tumors?
Latent (asymptomatic), active (mild symptoms), aggressive (rapid growth)
What is the staging for a high-grade extracompartmental malignant bone tumor?
Stage 2B
What is the key clinical difference between benign and malignant bone tumors in terms of presentation sequence?
Benign: mass appears first, followed by pathological fracture, then pain (B-MFP); Malignant: pain is usually first, followed by mass and pathological fracture (M-PMF)
What stage is assigned to any bone tumor with metastasis?
Stage 3
State 5 investigations for Primary bone tumours
โฆ๏ธ X-ray
โฆ๏ธCT scan
โฆ๏ธPET scan
โฆ๏ธScintigraphy
โฆ๏ธAngiography
โฆ๏ธBiopsy
4 treatment options for primary bone tumours
โฆ๏ธRadiotherapy
โฆ๏ธChemotherapy
โฆ๏ธAmputation
โฆ๏ธExcision & reconstruction of benign tumours
