𝑩𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒓 Flashcards by Anita Ogbonnaya

What is the 4th most common cancer in men?

Bladder cancer

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What is the male-to-female ratio of bladder cancer incidence?

3:1

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What is the strongest risk factor for bladder cancer?

Cigarette smoking (2-4x higher relative risk)

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Which occupational exposures increase the risk of bladder cancer?

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, aryl amines, and exhaust gases

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Which parasite is associated with bladder cancer?

Schistosoma haematobium
(Increased risk for squamous cell & transitional cell Ca)

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What is the most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer?

Hematuria (80-90%)

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What are the two types of hematuria in bladder cancer?

Gross and microscopic hematuria

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Which histological type accounts for 90-95% of bladder cancer cases?

Transitional cell carcinoma

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Which bladder cancer type is associated with chronic urinary tract infections, chronic bladder stones & indwelling foleys catheter?

Squamous cell carcinoma

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Which histological type of bladder cancer is most common at the bladder dome?

Urachal adenocarcinoma

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What is the preferred treatment for urachal carcinoma?

Partial cystectomy

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Which type of bladder cancer is chemosensitive?

Small-cell carcinoma

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What is the role of cystoscopy in bladder cancer diagnosis?

Direct visualization and biopsy of tumors

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Which imaging is essential for staging muscle-invasive bladder cancer?

CT abdomen

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What is TURBT?

Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor

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What finding on bimanual examination suggests T3 disease?

Mobile mass

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What is the mainstay treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer?

Radical cystectomy
(Cysto-prostatectomy + Urinary diversion procedure + Pelvic lymph node dissection)

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What structures are removed in a radical cystectomy?

Bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and pelvic lymph nodes

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What urinary diversion technique creates a new bladder from the intestine?

Orthotopic neobladder

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What chemotherapy regimen is commonly used for bladder cancer?

MVAC (Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, Cisplatin)

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What is an advantage of neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

Shrinks tumors for easier surgery
In-vivo drug sensitivity testing

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Which type of bladder cancer is not chemosensitive or radiosensitive?

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma

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What is the treatment for localized adenocarcinoma of the bladder?

Radical cystectomy

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Which patients benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy?

Node-positive, T3 or higher, LVI-positive, p53 overexpression

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Which bladder cancer type is associated with massive mucous secretion?

Urachal carcinoma

What are the late complications of radical cystectomy?

Recurrent UTIs Ureteric stricture Bladder Neck Stenosis

What is the most common site for partial cystectomy?

Bladder dome

What is a contraindication for partial cystectomy?

Tumor at the bladder neck or trigone

Which cancer is often linked to long-term indwelling catheters?

Squamous cell carcinoma

Which type of bladder cancer is most aggressive with a poor prognosis?

Carcinosarcoma

Which type of bladder cancer is associated with young patients (20-40 years)?

Pheochromocytoma

What is the main disadvantage of urine cytology in bladder cancer?

Low sensitivity for low-grade tumors

What is the role of field cancerization in bladder cancer?

Leads to multiple genetically unrelated tumors

Which imaging modality is used if there is bone pain or elevated alkaline phosphatase?

Bone scan

What is the most important factor for determining the frequency of check cystoscopy?

Tumor differentiation and behavior

What is the goal of intravesical chemotherapy post-TURBT?

Reduce tumor recurrence

What is the first-line treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer?

TURBT

Why is bladder cancer follow-up lifelong?

High recurrence rate

What is the first-line chemotherapy alternative to MVAC?

Cisplatin/Gemcitabine

What is bladder cancer?

A malignant growth arising from the bladder lining.

What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?

Hematuria (blood in urine).

Which gender is more affected by bladder cancer?

Males (3:1 male-to-female ratio).

What is the strongest modifiable risk factor for bladder cancer?

Cigarette smoking.

Which parasite is associated with bladder cancer?

Schistosoma haematobium.

Which type of bladder cancer is most common?

Transitional cell carcinoma (90-95%).

Which occupational exposures increase the risk of bladder cancer?

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Which type of bladder cancer is linked to chronic UTIs?

Squamous cell carcinoma.

What is the primary investigation for diagnosing bladder cancer?

Cystoscopy with biopsy.

Which imaging technique is required for staging muscle-invasive bladder cancer?

CT abdomen.

What is TURBT?

Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor

What is the first-line treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer?

TURBT with intravesical chemotherapy.

Which chemotherapy regimen is commonly used for bladder cancer?

MVAC (Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, Cisplastin)

What is radical cystectomy?

Surgical removal of the bladder along with surrounding structures.

Which histological type of bladder cancer is most common at the bladder dome?

Urachal adenocarcinoma.

What is an advantage of neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

Shrinks tumors for easier surgery.

Which bladder cancer type is associated with massive mucous secretion?

Urachal carcinoma.

Which cancer is often linked to long-term indwelling catheters?

Squamous cell carcinoma.

What is the goal of intravesical chemotherapy post-TURBT?

Reduce tumor recurrence.

Why is bladder cancer follow-up lifelong?

High recurrence rate.

Mention 5 risk-factors of bladder cancer

Gender, Age, Race Cigarette smoking Exposure to environmental carcinogens Occupational; Exposure to polycyclic aromtic hydrocarbons, benzene, exhaust gases Schistosoma hematobium Arsenic

Clinical features of bladder cancer

Hematuria Frequency, urgency, nocturia Lower abdominal Pain Rectal discomfort Flank pain (obstruction of uterus) Lower extremity edema from iliac vessel compression

What histological subtypes are most Urachal carcinomas?

Adenocarcinoma

What is the treatment of Adenocarcinoma?

Radical cystectomy

Which histological subtype is associated with massive mucous secretion?

Urachal Carcinoma

Which histological subtype is associated with chronic UTI?

Adenocarcinoma

Which histological subtype is associated with long term indwelling catheters?

Squamous cell Carcinoma

Schistosoma hemaobium is a major cause of which histological subtype?

Squamous cell Carcinoma

What is the treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Radical Cystectomy

Mention 6 histological subtypes of bladder ca

Transitional cell Carcinoma Squamous cell Ca Adenocarcinoma Urachal Carcinoma Small cell Carcinoma Pheochromocytoma