๐ฉ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ช๐๐๐๐๐ Flashcards
What percentage of all cancers does breast cancer account for globally vs in Nigeria?
Globally 25% of all cancers; in Nigeria it accounts for 40%
What is the age distribution for breast cancer risk?
Rare before 20 years of age; 2% between 20-30 years
What is the most common type of breast carcinoma on biopsy?
Invasive ductal carcinoma accounting for 80% of all cases
What is the prognosis for medullary carcinoma?
Good prognosis with 5-year survival of 80% and 10-year survival of 60%
What is a key characteristic of inflammatory breast cancer?
Diffusely involves whole breast with dermal lymphatics blockage causing peau dโorange appearance
What are the three main risk factors for breast cancer in pre-menopausal women?
Age of menarche; age of first pregnancy; nulliparity
What percentage of breast cancer cases does mucinous carcinoma account for?
3% of all breast cancer cases
What is the defining characteristic of ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS)?
Proliferating malignant epithelial cells confined within breast ducts
What is the key difference between solid/comedo and cribriform DCIS patterns?
Solid/comedo is more virulent and visible on mammography; cribriform is not palpable or visible
What is the typical presentation of invasive ductal carcinoma on mammogram?
3-5cm hard irregular mass
What are the four main routes of breast cancer spread?
Through lymph nodes; bloodstream; direct invasion; ductal system
What are the three most common sites of breast cancer metastasis?
Lungs; liver; brain
What is the typical location of painless breast swelling in breast cancer?
Usually in the upper outer quadrant
What is unique about inflammatory breast cancer pain?
It is painful unlike most breast cancers which are painless
What percentage does invasive lobular carcinoma account for?
10-15% of breast cancer cases
What is the key diagnostic feature of Pagetโs disease of the nipple?
Ductal carcinoma in-situ spreading within ducts to nipple and areola
What are three key endocrine risk factors for breast cancer?
Age of menarche; age of menopause; age of first pregnancy
What are the main changes in nipple and areola region indicating cancer?
Nipple retraction; Pagetโs disease; bloody/stained nipple discharge
What is a distinctive characteristic of medullary carcinoma?
Highly cellular with little stroma
What conditions should be considered in differential diagnosis of breast cancer?
Fibroadenoma; benign mammary dysplasia; cysts; galactocele; chronic breast abscess
What is the risk increase for epithelial hyperplasia vs. atypical hyperplasia in breast tissue?
1.5-2 fold rise in epithelial hyperplasia, 4 fold rise in atypia with hyperplasia
What are the key characteristics of fibroadenoma?
Solid tumors comprising stromal & epithelial components, 2-3cm mobile firm & non-tender masses, mostly in females <30 years
What percentage of palpable breast lumps are fibroadenomas and what is their bilateral occurrence rate?
15% of all palpable breast lumps, bilateral in 20% of cases
How are breast lesions broadly classified?
Two main categories: Non-proliferative (cysts, mild epithelial hyperplasia, simple duct ectasia, fibroadenoma) and Proliferative (with/without atypia)
What benign conditions show no increased risk for malignancy?
Fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, sclerosing adenosis
What are the non-proliferative benign breast lesions?
Cyst, mild epithelial hyperplasia, simple duct ectasia, fibroadenoma
Mnemonics; Moms Can Still Feed
What is the primary cause of fibrocystic disease and what is its key characteristic?
Usually hormone (estrogen) induced with cyclic changes during menstrual periods
What conditions are classified under proliferative lesions without atypia?
Sclerosing adenosis, intraductal papilloma, moderate epithelial hyperplasia, phyllodes tumor
Mnemonic: SIMP
How common are multiple fibroadenomas?
Multiple fibroadenomas occur in 15-20% of cases
What is the relationship between hormones and benign breast lesions?
Hormones can cause cysts, fibroadenoma, and cyclic lumps that come and go during menstrual periods
