𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒔 Flashcards
What is hypospadias?
A congenital condition where the urethral opening is on the underside (ventral) of the penis rather than the top of the glans.
Where is the urethral opening located in hypospadias?
On the ventral (underside) of the penis.
What is the incidence rate of hypospadias in boys?
1 in 300 boys.
During which weeks of gestation does the urethral groove form?
5th to 16th week.
What causes hypospadias?
Incomplete fusion of the ventral folds or failure of urethral development.
What are the three main types of hypospadias classification?
Anterior (distal), middle, and posterior (proximal).
What percentage of hypospadias cases are anterior (distal) hypospadias?
70% of cases.
Name three subtypes of anterior (distal) hypospadias.
Glandular, coronal, sub-coronal.
What percentage of hypospadias cases are middle hypospadias?
20-25% of cases.
Where is the meatus located in middle hypospadias?
Anywhere along the penile shaft.
What is another name for posterior hypospadias?
Proximal hypospadias.
Name the three subtypes of posterior (proximal) hypospadias.
Penoscrotal, scrotal, perineal.
What are some genetic risk factors for hypospadias?
Family history and genetic mutations.
How can environmental factors contribute to hypospadias?
Maternal exposure to endocrine disruptors (e.g., Bisphenol).
What is chordee in the context of hypospadias?
Ventral curvature of the penis.
Name two anatomical abnormalities associated with hypospadias.
Ectopic urethral opening, ventral curvature (chordee).
What is the significance of an undescended testis in hypospadias?
It may indicate disorders of sexual development.
What is micropenis, and how is it related to hypospadias?
A rare condition where hypospadias coexists with a small penis.
How can urethral diverticula or fistulas develop in hypospadias?
Due to abnormal urethral development.
What are the key physical examination findings in hypospadias?
Abnormally placed meatus, chordee, hooded foreskin, penile torsion or scarring.
How does hypospadias affect urine flow?
Causes abnormal urine stream (spraying or deflecting).
What are the psychosocial concerns for children with hypospadias?
Body image concerns and social stigma.
How is hypospadias diagnosed?
Clinical diagnosis during newborn examination.
Why is karyotyping and endocrine testing performed in severe hypospadias cases?
To rule out disorders of sexual development.
What role does ultrasound imaging play in diagnosing hypospadias?
Evaluates urinary tract and checks for associated anomalies like cryptorchidism.
What are the three main goals of hypospadias treatment?
Restore normal urine function, achieve a cosmetically acceptable penis, enable normal sexual function.
At what age is surgical correction of hypospadias usually performed?
Between 6-18 months of age.
Why is early surgical correction preferred in hypospadias?
Minimizes psychological impact and allows better healing.
What is the most common surgical technique for distal hypospadias?
Snodgrass (TIP) repair.
What is the primary technique used in Snodgrass (TIP) repair?
Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty.
When are two-stage repairs needed for hypospadias?
In severe proximal hypospadias cases.
Name two techniques used in staged urethroplasty.
Onlay island flap, staged urethroplasty using grafts.
What does chordee correction involve?
Degloving the penis and excising fibrotic bands causing curvature.
What is the role of a Foley catheter or stent in post-operative care?
Allows proper healing after surgery.
What medications are given post-operatively in hypospadias surgery?
Antibiotics and pain management.
What are common post-operative complications of hypospadias surgery?
Bleeding, infection, edema, hematoma.
What is a long-term complication of hypospadias surgery?
Urethrocutaneous fistula (10-20% of cases).
Why is monitoring necessary after hypospadias surgery?
To check for complications like fistula formation and urethral strictures.
What is a urethrocutaneous fistula?
An abnormal connection between the urethra and skin post-surgery.
How can hypospadias surgery failure impact a patient?
May require revision surgeries and cause psychosocial distress.
