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Public Health and Food Safety > Zoonosis > Flashcards

Zoonosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

a disease involving at least 2 hosts (human and vertebrate animal species) and a pathogen

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2
Q

How many pathogens infecting humans are zoonotic? What are the top 5 zoonotic pathogen species?

A

60%

  1. helminths
  2. viruses
  3. protozoa
  4. bacteria
  5. fungi
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3
Q

What is the main source of zoonosis? Why?

A

domestic animals —> genetically more similar to mammals

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4
Q

What mammals transmit the most zoonotic pathogens?

A
  • rodents
  • carnivores
  • ungulates
  • primates
  • bats
  • shrews and moles
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5
Q

What are the top 8 etiological agents of zoonosis?

A
  1. prion
  2. virus
  3. bacteria
  4. fungi
  5. protozoa
  6. cestodes
  7. trematodes
  8. nematodes
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6
Q

In what 3 ways can zoonosis be classified based on direction of transmission?

A
  1. ANTHROPOZOONOSES - animals are the main host; animal-to-human (rabies, influenza, Rift Valley fever, anthrax, brucella, leptospirosis, plague, Lyme, tularemia, psittacosis, hydatidosis)
  2. ZOOANTHROPOZONOSES - humans are main host; human-to-animal (amoeba, diphtheria, tuberculosis)
  3. AMPHIXENOSES - migrate in either direction between animal and humans equally (salmonella, staphylococcus, streptococcus, E. coli)
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7
Q

In what 4 ways can zoonosis be classified based on the number of host species (maintenance cycles) are required for transmission?

A
  1. ORTHOZOONOSIS (direct) - 1 host species, directly from infected to susceptible host
  2. CYCLOZOONOSIS (indirect) - 2 host species, including an intermediate host —> taeniasis, echnococcosis
  3. METAZOONOSIS - 1 host vertebrate + 1 invertebrate —> vector-borne diseases
  4. SAPROZOONOSIS - 1 host species + abiotic environment, like soil, water, or garbage —> nematodes, fungi
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8
Q

What 4 zoonotic pathogens have caused pandemic diseases?

A
  1. Yersinia pestis - plague (Black Death)
  2. Vibrio cholerae
  3. Influenza A
  4. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV - Coronavirus
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9
Q

What kind of pathogens are on List A in CDC-recognized bioterrorism agents? What 5 are part of the list?

A

easily disseminate and cause high morbidity and mortality, public panic, social disruption, etc.

  1. anthrax
  2. plague
  3. tularemia
  4. botulism toxin
  5. viral hemorrhagic fever (have not been used by terrorists) —> Ebola/Marburg, Crimean-Congo virus
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10
Q

Most bioterrorism agents target what 3 body systems?

A
  1. respiratory system
  2. nervous system
  3. cardiovascular system
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11
Q

What 10 zoonotic bioterrorism agents are part of the CDC List B?

A
  1. Burkholderia pseudomallei - meliondosis
  2. Burkholderia mallei - glanders
  3. Brucella spp. - brucellosis
  4. Chlamydia psittaci - psittacosis
  5. Coxiella burnetii - Q fever
  6. Rickettsia prowazekii - typhus
  7. E/WEE - virual encephalitis
  8. TOXINS - ricin, Staph. aureus enterotoxin, Clostridium perrfingens
  9. FOOD - salmonella, shigella, E. coli O157
  10. WATER - V. cholerae, cryptosporidium
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12
Q

CDC lists of zoonotic pathogens:

A
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13
Q

Why are neglected zoonoses important?

A

diseases of the poor society - many become emerging/re-emerging diseases, so they hold priority of control in a one health approach

  • 27 total neglected diseases with 8 of one health priority
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14
Q

What are the top 8 zoonoses with one health significance of most concern in the USA?

A
  1. rabies
  2. zoonotic influenza
  3. emerging coronaviruses (SARS, MERS)
  4. WNV
  5. salmonellosis
  6. brucellosis
  7. plague
  8. Lyme
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15
Q

What 3 agencies take part in the one health initiative?

A
  1. CDC
  2. USDA
  3. DOI
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16
Q

Where do fish pick up zoonotic pathogens?

A

aquatic environment contaminated by sewages from agriculture, human/animal excrements, and wild animals

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17
Q

Fish-borne zoonotic bacterial diseases:

A
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18
Q

How are humans affected by Vibrio vulnificus infection? What is the main source?

A

necrotic fasciitis

eels

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19
Q

Who are at highest risk for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection? What is characteristic of this infection?

A

fish handlers —> purple, swollen, painful, and hardened rash (erysipeloid) that does NOT produce pus

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20
Q

How are humans typically affected by Mycobacterium marinum?

A

tender nodules —> swimmer granuloma

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21
Q

What zoonotic cestode is commonly spread by fish? Nematode?

A

Diphyllobothrium

Anisakis

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22
Q

What are the 3 possible hosts of zoonotic fish-borne trematodes? What 2 cause liver cancer?

A
  1. primary snail host
  2. secondary fish host
  3. human, dog, or bird DH

Opisthorchis and Clonorchis

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23
Q

What are reptiles a natural reservoir for?

A

Salmonella

24
Q

What 4 mosquito-borne zoonoses are commonly spread by reptiles?

A
  1. ZIKA: Aedes bite from reptiles
  2. EEE: Culex bite from reptiles
  3. WEE: Culex bite from snake
  4. WNV: Culex bite from alligator, lizard, and crocodile
25
Q

What 4 bacterial zoonoses from reptiles cause gastroenteritis in humans? What are 5 other common zoonoses?

A
  1. Salmonella
  2. E. coli
  3. Campylobacter
  4. Aeromonas
  • Rickettsia spp: mite/tick bite from reptiles
  • Anaplasma phagocytophilum: tick bite from lizard
  • Borellia: tick bite from reptiles
  • Coxiella: tick bite from lizard or snake
  • Ehrlichia: tick bite from lizard
26
Q

What 3 protozoa zoonoses are commonly spread by reptiles?

A
  1. Cryptosporidium
  2. Giardia
  3. Leishmania: sandfly bite from lizard
27
Q

What are the most common viral avian-borne zoonoses?

A
  • Avian Influenza
  • Coronavirus (SARS)
  • Chikungunya (visceral hemorrhage)
  • JEV
  • EEEV
  • WNV
  • NCDV
28
Q

What are the most common bacterial avian-borne zoonoses?

A
  • Salmonella: raw eggs!
  • Campylobacter
  • E. coli
  • Pasteurella multocida: bite
  • Yersinia entercolitica
  • Mycobacterium avium
  • Psittacosis
29
Q

How is psittacosis spread?

A

direct contact with nasal secretions infected by Chlamydia psittaci

30
Q

How is avian influenza spread to humans?

A

contact with feces, secretions, and aerosol, causing illness, pneumonia, and death in humans

31
Q

What does Newcastle disease virus cause in humans?

A

conjunctivitis

32
Q

What 2 fungi are common avian zoonoses? Protozoan?

A
  1. Cryptococcus neoformans: feces from infected pigeons and starlings
  2. Histoplasma capsulatum: aerosols from infected pigeon or bat feces
  • Cryptosporidium: contact with feces of infected birds or foodborne ingestion of undercooked meat and eggs
33
Q

What are the 5 most common pet-borne zoonotic parasites? How are they transmitted? What disease do they cause?

A
  1. Toxoplasma gondii: cat/kitten via litter - Toxoplasmosis
  2. Echinococcus granulosus: dog via feces - hydatid cyst
  3. Echinococcus multilocularis: foxes, wolves, dogs, cats - alveolar hydatid cyst
  4. Toxocara canis: dogs via feces - visceral larva
  5. Toxocara cati: cats via feces - migrans
34
Q

What are the 5 most common pet-borne vector-borne zoonotic microbes? What do they cause? What are their vectors?

A
35
Q

What pet-borne viral zoonosis is spread through most dog bites?

A

Rabies - dog bites transmit 90% of cases

36
Q

What are the 10 main ways of transmitting pet-borne zoonoses to humans?

A
37
Q

Frequency and severity of pet-borne zoonoses:

A
38
Q

What are the top zoonoses of cattle, sheep/goats, pigs, horses, and chickens/ducks?

A

CATTLE: bovine pustular stomatitis, pseudocowpox

S/G: tularemia

PIGS: Ascaris suum, Hepatitis E, Nipah, Swine Influenza, Trichinella, Tricuris

HORSES: EEV, Glanders, Pasteurella, Rhodococcus equi

C/D: Avian Influenza, Mycobacterium avium, Psittacosis, SARS

39
Q

Important livestock and poultry zoonoses of humans:

A
40
Q

Where is Salmonella most commonly found?

A
  • environment
  • GI tract of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
41
Q

What is the origin of a majority of emerging human pathogens?

A

70% originate from wildlife, especially rodents (rats)

42
Q

Zoonotic diseases originating from wildlife:

A
43
Q

What 2 zoonotic viruses commonly originate from rats?

A
  1. Hantavirus - pulmonary syndromes and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
  2. Lassa virus - hemorrhagic fever

all transmitted from aerosols, feces, urine, contact, or bite from a rat/mouse

44
Q

What 5 zoonotic diseases are commonly spread by rats?

A
  1. Leptospirosis
  2. Plague
  3. Rat-Bite Fever
  4. Salmonellosis
  5. Tularemia
45
Q

What does Streptobacillus moniliformis cause?

A

rat bite fever, from a bite/scratch from an infected rodent, or ingestion of contaminated food/water by rat feces

46
Q

Zoonosis routes of transmission:

A
47
Q

What are the 3 most common zoonoses transmitted by bites or scratches?

A
  1. Rabies - causes agitation, anxiety, confusion, hallucination, and hydrophobia
  2. Pasteurella multocida - causes wound infection of soft tissues and gangrene
  3. Bartonella henselae - facultative intracellular microbe of RBCs from cat scratches most common in those under 20 years old
48
Q

What 3 zoonoses are most commonly transmitted by damaged skin?

A
  1. Anthrax
  2. Erysipelothrix
  3. Pasteurella
49
Q

What are the 2 major routes of transmission of zoonotic pathogens?

A
  1. direct contact
  2. food-borne

a single pathogen uses multiple routes!

50
Q

What are the 2 major ways that zoonoses can be eliminated at the animal level?

A
  1. culling reservoir animals to control at the source
  2. selectively remove infected individuals via test and slaughter, treatment, or quarantine
51
Q

What are the 4 most commonly methods of mass medicating animals against zoonoses? Why do we have to be careful with mass treatment?

A
  1. chemotherapy
  2. chemoprophylaxis
  3. deworming
  4. insecticides

development of drug resistance

52
Q

What are the 2 purposes of vaccines?

A
  1. protect susceptible individual from infection or disease
  2. prevent transmission of infectious agents by creating an immune population
53
Q

What 3 vaccination strategies are commonly used?

A
  1. RING - vaccinate all animals within 10 km around the infected zone to create a buffer zone to prevent WINDBORNE pathogens
  2. PREDICTIVE - selectively vaccinate animals that are expected to contribute most to future transmission (high risk groups)
  3. MASS - vaccinating all individuals in an area whether exposed to pathogen or not
54
Q

How much of the population needs to be vaccinated to control zoonosis?

A

depends on the pathogen, but it is critical to vaccinate at least 70% of the population to establish herd immunity

  • Measles = 92-94%
  • Rabies = 75%
55
Q

What are the main ways of preventing zoonosis at the human level?

A
  1. medication
  2. vaccination
  • tetanus, Q fever, anthrax, hepatitis E, influenza, JEV, rabies, WNV
56
Q

How can the 7 transmission routes of zoonoses be controlled?

A
  1. FLUID - boiling, filtration, chlorination, bottled water, avoid recreation in untreated water
  2. HAND - washing
  3. FIELD - protective equipment
  4. FOMITES - equipment/utensil hygiene
  5. FLIES - eliminate arthropods
  6. FLOOD - improve/repair drainage systems
  7. FOOD - cook, chill
57
Q

What 4 groups should avoid unnecessary intensive contact with animals of unknown health?

A
  1. children
  2. pregnant
  3. elderly
  4. immunocompromised

Public Health and Food Safety (23 decks)

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