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Public Health and Food Safety > Water-borne Diseases > Flashcards

Water-borne Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

How much of the Earth’s surface is made up of water? How many global zoonotic disease outbreaks are water-borne?

A

over 2/3 (71%) —> also makes up 2/3 of the body

40%

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2
Q

What 3 important laws in the USA protect water?

A
  1. 1947 Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act protects from chemical waste
  2. 1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act
  3. 1972 Clean Water Act puts restrictions on pollution discharges into river and streams
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3
Q

How much water loss can result in death?

A

15% loss from the body

water is life for ALL ORGANISMS

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4
Q

Although water covers 2/3 of the Earth surface, what problem is there for the global population?

A

2.1 billion people (29%) globally do not have access to safe drinking water since their water is contaminated with infectious, chemical, and physical hazards that cause water-borne illness and death

3.57 million deaths per year

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5
Q

What are the 4 major sources of biological and chemical hazards in water causing water-borne disease?

A
  1. aquatic and terrestrial animals - humans, domestic, wildlife
  2. slaughterhouse discharges
  3. discharges from farms, industry, and commerce
  4. floods
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6
Q

What are the main 4 types of water-borne hazards?

A
  1. biological from feces
  2. chemical from agriculture and industries
  3. nuclear
  4. physical
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7
Q

What are the 5 types of chemical contaminants of water? What are the major sources?

A
  1. DISINFECTANTS - chlorine, chloramines, chlorine dioxide
  2. DISINFECTANT BYPRODUCTS - bromate, chlorite, haloacetic acid
  3. ORGANIC (agriculture, industries) - antimicrobials, disinfectants, pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, petroleum
  4. INORGANIC (heavy metals from factories) - aluminum, ammonia, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chloramine, chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, nitrates/nitrites, mercury, perchlorate, radium, selenium, silver, uranium
  5. RADIONUCLIDES - radium, uranium
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8
Q

What are the 8 most common toxic effects of chemical hazards on human health?

A
  1. birth defects and reproductive disorders
  2. cancer
  3. immune disorders
  4. kidney dysfunction
  5. liver dysfunction
  6. enterocyte destruction
  7. lung and respiratory disease
  8. neurotoxic disorders
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9
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of water-borne pathogens?

A
  1. environmental (aquatic) pathogens
  2. enteric (obligate pathogens
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10
Q

What is the life cycle of enteric (obligate) water-borne pathogens like?

A

water-gut-water

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11
Q

What are the 6 most common aquatic/environmental water-borne pathogens?

A
  1. Vibrio spp.
  2. Legionella spp.
  3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  4. aquatic Mycobacteria spp.
  5. Nagleria fowleri
  6. Schistosomes
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12
Q

What is Nagleria fowleri? Schistosomes?

A

“brain-eating amoeba”

aquatic trematodes that cause gut and kidney damage

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13
Q

How is Legionella transmitted?

A

breathing in mist (small water droplets in the air) from contaminated water bodies, like fountains and boats

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14
Q

What are 6 enteric water-borne viruses?

A
  1. Adenovirus
  2. Astrovirus
  3. Enterovirus
  4. Norovirus
  5. Rotavirus A
  6. Sapovirus
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15
Q

What are 7 enteric water-borne bacteria?

A
  1. Campylobacter jejuni, coli
  2. Clostridium difficile
  3. E. coli (enteroaggregative, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, Shiga-like)
  4. Shigella
  5. Salmonella enterica
  6. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, cholerae, vulnificus
  7. Yersinia enterocolitica
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16
Q

What are 5 enteric water-borne protozoa?

A
  1. Cryptosporidium
  2. Cyclospora cayetanesis
  3. Entamoeba histolytica
  4. Giardia intestinalis, lamblia, duodenalis
  5. Toxoplasma gondii
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17
Q

29 water-borne pathogens according to WHO:

A
18
Q

What disease do Legionella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acanthamoeba cause?

A

attack lungs

attack ear, skin, lung, and kidney

attack the eyes and cause ulcerative keratitis

19
Q

18 water-borne pathogens known in the USA:

A

included in a surveillance program

20
Q

What is the major source of water-borne pathogens? In what 2 ways are they most commonly transmitted?

A

fecal pollution of water

fecal-oral —> fluid (water-borne) and floods

21
Q

What most commonly facilitates water-borne disease outbreaks?

A

floods - dumps both biological and chemical pollutants (runoff, municipal sewage, industrial sewage) into water bodies and houses from a wider geographical area

(can become pandemic)

22
Q

What 8 vital body parts are affected by water-borne pathogens?

A
  1. GIT = diarrhea
  2. brain
  3. eye
  4. ear
  5. lung
  6. liver
  7. kidney
  8. skin
23
Q

What do water-borne viruses most commonly attack?

A

GIT

  • Astrovirus
  • Coxsackievirus
  • Rotavirus
  • Norwalk/Calicivirus
24
Q

What water-borne viruses attack the lung and eye, brain, and liver?

A

LUNG, EYE - Adenovirus

BRAIN - Echovirus, Enterovirus

LIVER - Hepatitis viruses

25
Q

What do water-borne bacteria most commonly attack?

A

GIT

  • Arcobacter
  • Aeromonas
  • Campylobacter
  • Helicobacter
  • Yersinia enterocolitica
26
Q

What water-borne bacteria attack the lungs, GIT/kidney, and multiple organs at once?

A

LUNGS - Legionella, Mycobacterium avium complex

GIT/KIDNEY - E. coli

MULTI-ORGAN - Pseudomonase aeruginosa

27
Q

What do water-borne protozoa most commonly attack? Which one is unique?

A

GIT - Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanesis, Giardia lamblia, Microsporidia, Toxoplasma gondii

Acantamoeba attack the brain and eye

28
Q

What is characteristic of water-borne viruses?

A

highly infective and can stay in water for several months

29
Q

Why is it difficult to keep protozoa out of water?

A

resistant to chlorine treatment in the water

30
Q

What are the 6 most common signs of a water-borne disease outbreak?

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. pneumonia
  3. encephalitis
  4. otitis
  5. skin infections
  6. death
31
Q

How has the cause of water-borne illnesses varied from time to time?

A

BEFORE 2006 - mostly protozoal

2013-2014 - legionellosis from aerosolized mist

32
Q

Out of the 18 water-borne pathogens in the USA, what 5 cause the most common water-borne illnesses?

A
  1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - otits externa, pneumonia
  2. Staphylococcus aureus - otitis externa
  3. Norovirus - GIT infection
  4. non-tuberculous Mycobacteria - pneumonia
  5. Legionella - pneumonia
33
Q

What 3 water-borne pathogens cause the most hospitalizations and death?

A

biofilm-associated pathogens that cause pneumonia

  1. non-tuberculous Mycobacteria
  2. Legionella
  3. Pseudomonas
34
Q

What bacteria has caused 7 pandemics in human history? What does it cause?

A

Vibrio - inhabits surface water

cholera - fatal gastroenteritis, wound infections/amputations, septicemia, shock

35
Q

What are the 2 surveillance approaches of drinking water quality and safety in the USA? Which is preferred?

A
  1. surveillance of 18 pathogens and 90 chemical contaminants in water bodies
  2. total coliform (CEEK) count in 100 mL of water*
  • monitoring of 18 pathogens is tedious
36
Q

What are the regulatory maximum limit (mg/L) of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Legionella, enteric viruses, total coliform, bromate, chlorine, and lead allowed in 100 mL of water? What happens when the concentration is higher?

A
  • CRYPTOSPORIDIUM = 0
  • GIARDIA = 0
  • LEGIONELLA = 0
  • ENTERIC VIRUSES = 0
  • TOTAL COLIFORM = 1
  • BROMATE = 0.01
  • CHLORINE = 4
  • LEAD = 0.015

affects public health and should not be used to drink

37
Q

What is most commonly used as an indicator for contaminated water?

A

coliform bacteria count

38
Q

In what 4 ways can water-borne disease be controlled and prevented?

A
  1. wastewater treatment for water purification using coagulation, membrane filtration, sedimentation, and disinfection
  2. controlling wastes at an animal and human level to control water-borne pathogens
  3. control transmission through 7 Fs pathway
  4. control pathogens in humans and animals using vaccines and drugs
39
Q

What are the 5 barriers used to treat and purify water?

A
  1. SCREENING using large pore mesh >6mm to remove large solids like fish, bottles, and logs
  2. COAGULATION using alum (aluminum salt) or iron sulfate to clump wastes or remove solids or colloids
  3. SEDIMENTATION/FLOCCULATION to collect and remove clumped wastes
  4. SCREENING/FILTRATION with a different 0.5-6mm pore side to remove fine solids and 0.1-0.5mm pores as microscreens
  5. DISINFECTION
40
Q

What are the 3 options for disinfecting water?

A
  1. chemical disinfection using chlorine or ozone (O3) to kill pathogens
  2. irradiation by UV light to kill pathogens
  3. ultrafiltration (0.1-0.01 µm) and nanofiltration (0.01-0.001 µm)
41
Q

Water treatment options while hiking, camping, and traveling:

A

Public Health and Food Safety (23 decks)

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