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Public Health and Food Safety > Vector-borne Diseases > Flashcards

Vector-borne Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the life span and breeding sites of lice, ticks, fleas, flies, mosquitos, and snails?

A
  • LICE - 1 month; beds and clothes
  • TICK - 1 month to 2 years; bushes
  • FLEA - 1 year; beds
  • FLY - 6 weeks; decaying organic matter
  • MOSQUITO - 1 month; aquatic (except adult)
  • SNAIL - 1-3 years; aquatic and terrestrial
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2
Q

How do arthropods cause disease? Why are snails considered vectors?

A

drill/suck/bite into skin, drink blood, and vomit pathogens into the host body

can be herbivores or carnivores —> can eat worms and pass them on to predator that hunts them

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3
Q

What is the reproductive biology of snails like? What 3 habitats/breeding sites do they frequent?

A

hermaphrodites

  1. terrestrial - land snails
  2. freshwater
  3. sea
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4
Q

What do snails amplify? How do they compare to other vectors?

A

amplifiers and required for zoonotic trematode (fluke) spread, causing schistosomiasis*, angiostrongyliasis, fascioliasis, fasciolopsiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, or clonorchiasis

do not chase hosts and drink their blood —> direct contact or ingestion of snail is required for transmission (technically do not cause vector-borne disease)

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5
Q

What life stages of mosquitos, fleas, flies, lice, and ticks feed on blood?

A
  • MOSQUITOES - adult females
  • FLEAS - all adults
  • FLIES - all adults
  • LICE - all stages (except egg) and sexes eat several blood meals per day
  • TICKS - all stages (except egg) and sexes have 1 blood meal per stage
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6
Q

What stages of mosquitos are aquatic?

A
  • egg
  • larvae
  • pupae

NOT ADULT

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7
Q

What is necessary for the control of mosquito populations?

A

destroying aquatic breeding sites

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8
Q

How many times do mosquitos mate?

A

ONCE

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9
Q

What 3 genera of mosquitos are important vectors? When are they active?

A
  1. Aedes (zebra)- day
  2. Anopheles - dawn, night, dusk
  3. Culex - night, midnight (NOCTURNAL)
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10
Q

What do mosquitos use to bite and suck blood? Why is staying inside at night not enough to avoid mosquito-borne disease?

A

proboscis

30% bite during the day - Aedes

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11
Q

What 4 ticks are important vectors in the US? What do each of them transmit?

A
  1. Ixodes scapularis (Blacklegged tick) - Anaplasma, Borellia, Babesia
  2. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick) - Babesia, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia
  3. Dermacentor (American dog tick) - Rickettsia, Tularemia
  4. Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star tick) - Ehrlichia, Tularemia
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12
Q

Where do ticks live? Where do they spend most of their time?

A

bushes and leafy plants - climb trees, tall grass, and shrubs to wait and jump on passing hosts

in the environment - will only go on a host up to 3 times in their life for blood meals (larva, nymph, adult)

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13
Q

How many times do ticks mate?

A

ONCE during their adult stage

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of lice?

A
  1. head lice
  2. pubic lice - jump from one individual to another during sexual intercourse
  3. body lice
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15
Q

How many times do lice mate? How many eggs are produced in their lifetime?

A

ONCE - produce eggs throughout lifetime

125 eggs within 1 month

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16
Q

On what animals are fleas found on? How many times do they mate?

A

mammals and birds

only need to mate once, but mate SEVERAL times to improve fertile egg production - can lay 40 eggs a day for the 4-6 months of life

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17
Q

What are the 4 main types of flies? What do they feed on?

A
  1. house fly (Musca) - male and female eat food and fecal matter
  2. sand fly (Phlebotmum) - female drinks blood
  3. stable fly (Stomoxys) - adult male and female drink blood
  4. tsetse fly (Glosinna) - adult male and female drink blood
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18
Q

How many times do flies mate?

A

ONCE

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19
Q

What arthropod females store sperm for the rest of their lives to fertilize tons of eggs?

A
  • mosquitos
  • flies
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20
Q

What are some other names of the sand fly? How do their bites compare to mosquito bites?

A
  • biting midge
  • no-see-ums
  • sandflea
  • granny nipper
  • Chitra

much larger

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21
Q

What do mosquitos, sand flies, and other small flying insects not like the smell of?

A

citronella candle (insect repellent)

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22
Q

What 3 sense organs to arthropods use to locate their host?

A
  1. smell odor of host using chemosensory sensilla on feet, wings, and antennae (far distance)
  2. use compound eyes for site and motilty (close distance)
  3. palpate/touch for temperature of body heat

olfactory, visual, thermal signals

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23
Q

What 5 odors are arthropods attracted to? What 4 are they repelled from?

A

odorant compounds in breath, urine, and feces
1. CO2
2. lactic acid
3. carboxylic acid
4. ammonia
5. phenols: acetone, -ols

  • DEET (N,N-diethyl 3-methylbenzamine)
  • picaridin
  • oil of lemon eucalyptus (para-menthane-3,8-diol)
  • citronella candle
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24
Q

What bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths are most commonly transmitted by vectors?

A

BACTERIA - spirochetes and Rickesttsiales

VIRUSES - Flavivirus (arbovirus)

PROTOZOA - hematozoa, like Babesia, Malaria, Leishmania, and Trypanozomes

HELMINTHS - trematodes and nematodes (filarial)

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25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of vector transmission of pathogens?

A
  • tubular mouth apparatus injects pathogens into skin
  • pathogen enters host, divides, and attached different tissues/organs
  • induction of non-specific clinical symptoms: fever, arthritis, headache, vomiting, muscle pain, and tiredness
26
Q

What are the 2 types of transmission of pathogens by vectors?

A
  1. BIOLOGICAL - pathogen divides, multiplies, develops and/or transforms itself from one stage to another within the arthropod (most common)
  2. MECHANICAL - pathogen does not divide and uses the arthropod as a vehicle to pass from one host to another
27
Q

What 2 arthropods usually mechanically transmit pathogens? What virus, bacteria, and protozoa are spread this way?

A
  1. housefly
  2. cockroach
  • VIRUS: hepatitis
  • BACTERIA: cholera, salmonella, shigella
  • PROTOZOA: amoeba, giardia
28
Q

What cause most tick-borne diseases? What are 6 examples?

A

BACTERIA

  1. Anaplasma phagocytophilum - RBC attack
  2. Borrelia - relapsing fever, Lyme attack of blood vessels
  3. Coxiella burnetii - endothelial attack
  4. Ehrlichia phagocytophilum - WBC attack
  5. Rickettsia rickettsiae - Rocky Mountain spotted fever rash
  6. Francisella tularensis - Tularemia; attack skin, eyes, LN, and lungs
29
Q

What 2 viruses are commonly transmitted by ticks? Protozoa?

A
  1. Flavivirus - encephalitis, Powassan virus
  2. Coltivirus (Reoviridae) - Colorado tick fever

Babesia - RBC attack

30
Q

What are the most common clinical signs of tick-borne disease?

A
  • fever
  • arthritis
  • headache
  • vomiting
  • muscle pain
  • tiredness
  • rash (leaky blood vessels)
31
Q

What pathogens are the 3 species of mosquitos responsible for spreading?

A
  1. Aedes - viruses; Alphavirus, Flavivirus, Orthobunyavirus
  2. Anopheles - parasites; Malaria, lymphatic filariasis
  3. Culex - viruses; Alphavirus, Flavivirus, Orthobunyavirus
32
Q

How do the viruses transmitted by Aedes and Culex mosquitos compare?

A

AEDES: blood vessel and visceral organ invasive disease causing hemorrhage, and liver or kidney disease (VISCERAL)
- Dengue, Zika, Yellow Fever, Chikungunya

CULEX: neuro-invasive disease causing encephalitis
- East/West encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus

33
Q

What are the reservoir hosts of neuro-invasive and viscera-invasive mosquito-borne viruses?

A

CULEX - farm animals, like pigs, horses, ruminants, and camels (zoonosis to humans)

AEDES - primates

34
Q

How is West Nile virus transmitted? What are some clinical signs in humans? What are 4 common neurological signs?

A
  • reservoir host = birds
  • vector = Culex mosquitos
  • accidental host = humans, horses

fever, arthritis, headache, vomiting, muscle pain

  1. encephalitis
  2. neck stiffness
  3. confusion
  4. seizures
35
Q

What pathogen is most commonly spread by fleas? What are 3 examples? What other pathogen is commonly spread?

A

BACTERIA
1. Yersinia pestis - plague, Black Death
2. Rickettsia typhi - murine typhus
3. Bartonella henselae - cat scratch disease

PARASITE - Dipylidium caninum; tapeworm of dogs and cats can be swallowed by children

36
Q

What pathogen is most commonly spread by lice? What are 3 examples?

A

BACTERIA
1. Rickettsia prowazekii - endemic typhus fever
2. Borrelia recurrentis - epidemic relapsing fever in humans
3. Bartonella quintana - trench fever, five-day fever

37
Q

What 3 pathogens are sand flies known to spread? What hosts can they infect?

A
  1. Leishmania - cutaneous and visceral protozoa
  2. Phlebovirus
  3. Bartonella
38
Q

What kind of transmission do stable flies (Stomoxys) do? What 3 pathogens do they commonly spread?

A

mechanical transmission

  1. Anaplasma
  2. Anthrax
  3. equine infectious anemia
39
Q

What aspect of house fly (Musca domestica) anatomy aids in transmission? What pathogens do they commonly spread?

A

hair allows for easy mechanical transmission of enteric pathogens from the feces it feeds on

  • Staph. aureus
  • Salmonella
  • dysentery
  • cholera
  • poliomyelitis
  • tularemia
  • leprosy
  • TB
40
Q

What 2 vector-borne diseases are brought to the US by Americans traveling abroad? What vector spreads them?

A
  1. Dengue
  2. Malaria

mosquitos

41
Q

What vector-borne diseases dominate in the US? What 6 are most common?

A

tick-borne diseases (89%)

  1. Lyme disease
  2. Dengue (Arbovirus)
  3. Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis
  4. Malaria
  5. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
  6. Tularemia
42
Q

What is the leading endemic mosquito-borne disease in the USA?

A

West Nile virus

43
Q

Where is Lyme disease most commonly found in the US? What tick transmits it there? What lesion is characteristic?

A

Northeast

Ixodes scapularis

ring-like skin rash around tick bite

44
Q

West Nile virus is widely distributed in the US. Where does there seem to be concentrated cases?

A

California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado

45
Q

How are vector-borne diseases seen by the government? What 3 are exceptions?

A

neglected zoonoses

Lyme, West Nile, and plague have been prioritized for One Health by US government in 2018

46
Q

What are the 5 most commonly reported vector-borne zoonoses in the US?

A
  1. Lyme disease
  2. spotted fever group rickettsioses
  3. West Nile virus
  4. Anaplasma phagocytophilum
  5. Ehrlichia chaffeensis
47
Q

What are the best ways to monitor mosquitos/flies, mosquito larvae, and ticks?

A

blue net traps that can be seen by the flying arthropods

nets over water bodies

dragging and flagging white cloth

48
Q

What are the 7 methods of fighting arthropods to control vector-borne disease?

A
  1. CHEMICALS - pesticides, antimicrobials
  2. VACCINES - mosquito, tick, pathogen
  3. destroy arthropod breeding sites
  4. BIOLOGICAL - bacteria, fungi, birds
  5. trap
  6. birth control
  7. PPE - nets, long sleeves or pants, repellants, boots
49
Q

What are 4 common insecticides/acaricides used to control vector populations?

A
  1. organochlorine
  2. organophosphates
  3. carbamates
  4. pyrethrins

kills all life stages

50
Q

When should animals/breeding sites be dipped/sprayed? What is the purpose?

A

once in April/June and once in July/September

prevent lice, flies, mites, and ticks from attaching to skin of animals

51
Q

How can infected animals and humans be treated to kill vector-born pathogens? Why do we do this?

A

antimicrobials (Doxycyclin!), antiprotozoals

keep infected individuals from acting as a source of infection to the public

52
Q

What 2 licensed tick vaccines are used in cattle? What tick is targeted?

A
  1. TickGARD - Australia
  2. Gavac - Latin America

Rippicephalus microplus: Babesia, Anaplasma

53
Q

What licensed vaccines are available in dogs, equids/alligators/zoo animals, and humans against vector-borne pathogens?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi bacterin against Lyme

West Nile virus

Dengue, Yellow Fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis

54
Q

What is the double function of licensed vector-born vaccines?

A

immunization of animals reduces disease and zoonotic transmission to humans

55
Q

What is the best ways to clean/destroy breeding sites of mosquitos, lice/fleas, flies, and ticks?

A

drain stagnant water and avoid dark corners

clean dirty clothes and bedding

proper disposal and cleaning of manure, filth, and dumps

pasture burning and plowing of bushes and thick, tall grass

56
Q

How is birth control used to control vector populations?

A

sterile insect/male technique (SIT) introduced a gamma-irradiated infertile male into the field for mating

57
Q

How can access of arthropods into homes/farms be controlled? What are some examples?

A

physical barriers

  • sleep under mosquito nets
  • wear long-sleeved shirts and pants with repellants
  • use screens on windows and doors
  • indoor farming
  • fencing and plowing perimeter of grazing pastures (dehydration, predation)
58
Q

How are pheromones used to control vector populations?

A

pheromones (acetones, octenols) are used to impregnate drags and traps to attract arthropods, leading to death by starvation or insecticides (from in the trap)

59
Q

What PPE can be used to limit contact with vectors?

A
  • long sleeves, socks, and pants
  • put repellants on clothes
  • repellant pheromones (DEET, picardin, oil of lemon eucalyptus, citronella)
60
Q

Vector-borne disease summary:

A

Public Health and Food Safety (23 decks)

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