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Public Health and Food Safety > Soil-borne Zoonosis > Flashcards

Soil-borne Zoonosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is soil? What is its purpose? How can it be dangerous?

A

mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life

provides readily available nutrients to plants and animals by converting dead organic matter into various nutrient forms

harbors pathogenic microorganisms, like spores, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and arthropods, typically from the digestive tract of animals

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2
Q

What chemical and biological hazards pollute the soil?

A
  1. CHEMICAL hazards from farms and industries, like organic chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides) and inorganic chemicals (heavy metals, acids, alkaloids)
  2. BIOLOGICAL hazards from municipal, farm animal wast, and abatttoirs, like spore-forming and non-spore forming microbes
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3
Q

Where are soil-borne pathogens found?

A
  • soil
  • sewage
  • marine sediment (Botulism)
  • animal and plant product
  • GI tract
  • wounds
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4
Q

What is the cycle of enteric and soil-borne pathogens like?

A

soil-gut-soil (feces)

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5
Q

What are the 2 classes of soil-borne pathogens? How do they typically get into the soil?

A
  1. spore-forming pathogens
  2. non-spore forming pathogens

humans/animals infected with enteric pathogens or contaminated sewage can pollute the soil through fecal waste

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6
Q

What are the 6 most common spore-forming microbes causing soil-borne zoonoses? What do the cause?

A
  1. Bacillus anthracis - anthrax (edema and hemorrhage)
  2. Bacillus cereus - food-borne gastroenteritis
  3. Clostridium tetani - tetanus (rigid paralysis)
  4. Clostridium botulinum - botulism (flaccid paralysis)
  5. Clostridium perfringens - food-borne gastroenteritis and gas gangrene of deep wounds
  6. Clostridium difficile - pseudomembranous colitits
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7
Q

What are the 4 most common non-spore forming microbes causing soil-borne zoonoses? What do they cause?

A
  1. Enterobacteriaceae - oro-fecal gastroenteritis
  2. Burkholderia pseudomallei - pneumonia, septicemia, shock, death
  3. Listeria - oral gastroenteritis, abortion
  4. Ligionella - launched from soil/water for airborne transmission to cause pneumonia
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8
Q

What are the most common types of disease that soil bacteria cause?

A
  • gastrointestinal
  • wound contamination
  • skin
  • respiratory
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9
Q

What are some of the most studied spore-forming organisms in the world?

A

fungi

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10
Q

In what 2 ways are intestinal spore-forming protozoa transmitted?

A
  1. stool from person to person
  2. contaminated water or food by infective oocyst
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11
Q

How do spore-forming bacteria attack their host? Which 2 of these bacteria are the most dangerous?

A

exotoxins - Gram +

  1. MOST DANGEROUS = Clostridium botulinum; potent and fatal neurotoxin
  2. Clostridium perfringens; food poisoning (intoxication) and gaseous gangrene
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12
Q

What are 4 other names for anthrax? What agent causes this?

A
  1. malignant pustules
  2. malignant edema
  3. woolsorter disease
  4. ragpicker disease

spore-forming soil-born Gram-positive Bacillus anthracis

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13
Q

What is the major host of Bacillus anthracis? Reservoir?

A

herbivores

soil - infected domestic and wild herbivores contaminated it when they shed the bacteria due to hemorrhage or death

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14
Q

In what 2 ways can Bacillus anthracis be transmitted to humans?

A
  1. cutaneous by contact with infected tissue of farm animals dying of anthrax
  2. contact with contaminated hair, wool, hides, and skin
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15
Q

What are the high risk groups for anthrax? What is its incubation period?

A
  • vets
  • wool, hide, or bone sorters
  • wildlife experts
  • farmers

1-7 days; up to 2 months

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16
Q

How can anthrax spread be controlled in animals, humans, and products/environment?

A

ANIMALS - vaccinate, avoid opening animals for necropsy and burn the body, do not sell skin of anthrax-exposed animals

HUMANS - vaccinate high risk groups

P/E - disinfect hides, wool, and bones before they are handled, decontaminate soil or effluents from slaughterhouses, tanneries, and rendering factories

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17
Q

What causes botulism? How?

A

spore-forming Gram-positive Clostridium botulinum

causes flaccid paralysis by its type A (Botox), B, and E toxins

18
Q

What is the toxin that causes botulism related to?

A

type E toxin - seafood, fish, and meat from marine mammals

19
Q

What are the 3 forms of botulism?

A
  1. food-borne intoxication causing cranial nerve paralysis (flaccid paralysis - weakened/relaxation of eye muscles)
  2. wound botulism
  3. intestinal botulism in <1 year old infants (honey!)
20
Q

What are the 4 major reservoirs/habitats of Clostridium botulinum?

A
  1. soil
  2. marine sediments
  3. agricultural products, like honey
  4. intestinal tracts of vertebrates including fish
21
Q

What are the 2 major modes of transmission of Clostridium botulinum to humans?

A
  1. eating poorly closed or broken canned foods infected with spores
  2. consuming uneviscerated fish
22
Q

Which groups are at high risk for developing botulism? When do neurological signs typically occur?

A
  • infants
  • people with wounds that have contact with soil and marine animals

12-36 hours

23
Q

In what 3 ways can the spread of botulism be controlled?

A
  1. boil or sanitize incriminated food, the bury
  2. do not feed honey to infants below 1 year old
  3. treat with polyvalent sera (ABE antitoxin)
24
Q

What causes tetanus? What is another name of this disease? What is it characterized by?

A

spore-forming Gram-positive Clostridium tetani

Lockjaw

rigidity of neck muscles, masseter, and trunk muscles

25
Q

What are the 2 major signs of tetanus?

A
  1. resus sardoncus - abnormally large smile due to sustained spasm of facial muscles
  2. opisthotonus - arching or bridging of head, neck, and spinal column
26
Q

What is the reservoir and habitat of Clostridium tetani? How is it transmitted?

A

intestine of equids

soil

deep puncture wounds contaminated with soil or feces

27
Q

What is the incubation period of Clostridium tetani? What groups are at higher risk for developing tetanus?

A

3-21 days

workers in contact with soil, sewage, and animals, like vets and farmers

28
Q

How is the spread of tetanus controlled?

A

vaccination with tetanus toxoid with priority to workers in contact with soil, sewage, and animals
- once vaccinated, immunity remains for about 10 years

29
Q

What does Clostridium perfringens cause? What are the 2 forms?

A

food poisoning with gas gangrene

  1. food-borne gastroenteritis using type A, B, and C enterotoxins
  2. gas gangrene of deep wounds due to contamination by soil or feces
30
Q

What is the habitat of Clostridium perfringens like?

A

wide reservoir
- spices
- raw meats
- poultry dishes
- soil
- water
- sewage
- dust
(asymptomatic fecal carriage occurs in animals)

31
Q

What is the most common symptom of Clostridium perfringens infection? In what 3 ways can spread be controlled?

A

severe abdomial pain with profuse watery/bloody diarrhea

  1. vaccination of food animals
  2. eliminate soil and dust contamination of food
  3. cook food well above 75 degrees C to kill vegetative cells and inactivate preformed toxins
32
Q

What does Clostridium difficile cause? How is it transmitted? What 2 groups of people are most susceptible?

A

diarrhea and colitis

touching feces from an infected person (hand washing!)

  1. those above 65 years old
  2. those taking antibiotics (resistant)
33
Q

What are the 4 most common groups of non-spore forming soil-borne pathogens?

A
  1. viruses
  2. enteric bacteria
  3. protozoa
  4. helminths
34
Q

Most protozoa and all fungi are…..

A

spore-forming

35
Q

How are systemic fungi largely acquired? When are fungal infections particularly life-threatening?

A

inhalation (airborne) from contaminated soil

in compromised immune systems

36
Q

Non-spore-forming soil-borne pathogens/parasites:

A
37
Q

What is the survival of non-spore-forming pathogens like outside of the host?

A

survive for several weeks outside of the host in the soil and water

38
Q

How are soil-borne helminths transmitted? What are the 3 most commonly found in the soil?

A

egg and larval stages are present in human feces, which contaminates the soil in the environment when sanitation is poor and allows them to become free living

  1. hookworms
  2. roundworms (Ascaris)
  3. whipworms (Trichuris)
39
Q

What is the life cycle of helminths like?

A

helminths do not care for their offspring

adult worms remain in/on the body and release immature offspring into the environment

40
Q

Why are soil-transmitted helminth infections less common in the USA now?

A

sanitation and hygiene have improved with the use of toilets, which breaks their life cycle

41
Q

In what 3 ways can soil-borne helminths be controlled?

A
  1. periodical deworming to eliminate infecting worms
  2. improved sanitation (toilets) to reduce soil contamination with infected eggs
  3. health education to prevent reinfection

Public Health and Food Safety (23 decks)

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