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Public Health and Food Safety > Waste Management > Flashcards

Waste Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most basic physiological need of humans? Has it been achieved yet

A

clean/safe environment that is free from waste/pollution and pests

not yet

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2
Q

What causes water, soil, and air pollution? What does this commonly cause?

A

waste accumulation

food contamination and formation of a breeding ground for pests, allowing for the increase in vector-borne disease

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3
Q

What 6 US laws regarding waste helps improve environmental health? What do they do?

A
  1. 1906 Food and Drug Act: pure food free from contaminants and hazards
  2. 1947 Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act: control pesticide waste
  3. 1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act
  4. 1970 Clean Air Act
  5. 1972 Clean Water Act
  6. 1982 Nuclear Waste Policy Act: requirements for disposal of high-level radioactive wastes
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4
Q

What 4 characteristics are used to classify wastes?

A
  1. state of waste (solid, liquid, gas)
  2. biodegradability
  3. toxicology (toxic chemicals/nuclear wastes vs. non-toxic food leftovers)
  4. chemistry, biotic, and abiotic composition
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5
Q

What are examples of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste?

A

BIODEGRADABLE = paper, organic wastes

NON-BIODEGRADABLE = glass, metals

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6
Q

What are the 4 classes of waste based on its chemistry, biotic, and abiotic composition?

A
  1. biological - infectious
  2. chemical - metals, pesticides, organic vs. inorganic drugs
  3. radioactive/nuclear
  4. physical - glass, nails, food leftovers, feces, bones
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7
Q

What are the 4 major sources of waste?

A
  1. household - garbage, toilets
  2. agriculture* - farms, slaughterhouses
  3. industrial
  4. commercial/public centers - hospitals, research labs, schools, colleges, universities, shops, offices, airports
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8
Q

What are the 5 major types of waste produced by the US?

A

(USA produces billions of tons of wastes each year)

  1. 292 million tons of municipal solid waste - paper, food, plastics, textiles
  2. 1 billion tons of fecal wastes from humans, cattle, pigs, and poultry
  3. 1 million tons of bones, tendons, blood, and sewage in abattoirs
  4. air pollution with large quantities of dispersed particles
  5. heavy metals in manufacturing industries
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9
Q

What 7 particles typically pollute the air?

A
  1. hydrocarbons
  2. CO
  3. CO2
  4. NO
  5. NO2
  6. SO2
  7. O3
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10
Q

According to the EPA, how much fecal material is produced in the USA per year? What are the 4 major contributors?

A

1 x 10^9 tons

  1. humans (0.01%)
  2. poultry*
  3. cattle
  4. swine
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11
Q

What is the formula used to calculate the total feces produced per day per animal?

A

0.01 x BW (kg)^0.83

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12
Q

What are the most common wastes produced in abattoirs?

A
  • head, feet/hooves, bones, tendons
  • blood
  • horns
  • penis
  • greaves
  • fats
  • inedible offal
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13
Q

How many chicken, cattle/calves, turkeys, sheep/lambs, and hogs are killed in slaughterhouses each year in the US?

A

9 billion
32.2 million
241.7 million
2.2 million
121 million

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14
Q

How much waste-contaminated water is produced in abattoirs per tons of carcass?

A

10,000 liters/tons of carcasses

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15
Q

What are 8 major sources of waste-contaminated water at different stages in slaughterhouses?

A
  1. pens - wash, urine, run-off
  2. slaughter - wash, blood
  3. blood processing - bloof
  4. viscera handling - wash
  5. hide processing - wash, curing
  6. cutting - equipment wash
  7. meat prep - cooking, curing
  8. rendering - spills, wash
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16
Q

What is critical for washing carcasses and slaughterhouses? What if this is absent?

A

clean POTABLE water availability

everything in the building will be horribly dirty

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17
Q

What is the most possible fate of waste from abattoirs, industries, human and animal feces, farms, and municipal sewages?

A

air, soil, and water pollution

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18
Q

What do abattoir wastewater discharges tend to pollute? What are the 2 major reasons this occurs?

A

rivers, streams, and water bodies of lower income, rural communities (kills the ecosystem in these bodies of water)

  1. Waste Disposal Act of 1965 and Clean Water Act of 1972 are not respected
  2. abattoirs commit Frequent Permit Violations in chemical contaminants in the discharges (total maximum daily load of chlorine)
19
Q

What induces disease outbreaks in wider areas? How does this happen?

A

disasters, like floods and hurricanes

transports wastes, like feces, chemicals, and nuclear material much further than where they would usually reach

20
Q

What are the 4 sources/origins of most hazards present in waste?

A
  1. GIT of humans and animals
  2. lung of humans and animals
  3. skin of humans and animals
  4. industries
21
Q

What 5 chemicals are commonly present discharges from industries and commonly pollute water, soil, and air?

A
  1. antimicrobials
  2. heavy metals
  3. pesticides
  4. radiological hazards
  5. detergents
22
Q

What 7 hazardous gases and particles are commonly present in dishcharges from industries and commonly pollute water, soil, and air?

A
  1. ozone (O3)
  2. carbon monoxide (CO)
  3. sulfur dioxide (SO2)
  4. nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
  5. lead
  6. atmospheric particulate matter (cement)
  7. aerosolized spores of pathogens (anthrax and fungi in tanneries)
23
Q

What allows pollutants from industries to drop on people, soil, and water bodies?

A

rain and wind

24
Q

What are the most common viruses that can be present in gaseous waste from the respiratory systems of humans and animals and act as biological hazards?

A
  • coronavirus
  • ebola
  • picornavirus
  • rhinovirus
  • measles
  • influenza
  • norovirus
  • hantavirus
  • herpesvirus
  • chickenpox
25
Q

What are the most common bacteria that can be present in gaseous waste from the respiratory systems of humans and animals and act as biological hazards?

A
  • anthrax
  • plague (pneumonic)
  • TB
  • Haemophilus
  • Chlamydia
  • Q fever
  • Legionella pneumophilia
  • Bordetella
  • Tularemia
  • Streptococcus
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
26
Q

What are the most common fungal spores that can be present in gaseous waste from the respiratory systems of humans and animals and act as biological hazards?

A
  • aspergillosis
  • cryptococcus
27
Q

What is the most common waste gas expelled by humans? Animals?

A

HUMANS - CO2

ANIMALS - CO2, methane, ammonia

28
Q

Human and animal fecal waste contain 100s of pathogens that contaminate water, food, and soil:

A
29
Q

If there is no control on waste disposal, pathogens of the gut, skin, and respiratory tract of infected patients can contaminated what 3 things? What does this result in?

A
  1. water
  2. food
  3. air

negative public and environmental health impacts

30
Q

Pathogens from the digestive tract most commonly contaminate……
What 3 pathogens are mostly responsible?

A

water and food

  1. Enterobacteriaceae
  2. viruses
  3. protozoa
31
Q

What are the 7 transmission routes of pathogen from waste?

A

(the 7 Fs of fecal-oral transmission)

  1. FLUID - water-borne
  2. FINGER - hand contact
  3. FIELD - soil-borne
  4. FOMITES - equipment and utensils
  5. FLIES - vector-borne
  6. FLOODS
  7. FOOD
32
Q

What happens if transmission of pathogens through the fecal-oral route is not controlled?

A

pathogens in feces are recycled between the GIT and the environment —> cycle continues until it is broken

33
Q

Contaminated air with viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens can be recycled between……

A

air and respiratory tract
(amplified in host and is spread)

34
Q

Fecal waste from what 6 sources need to be controlled and managed?

A
  1. humans
  2. dairy farms
  3. poultry farms
  4. swine farms
  5. slaughterhouses
  6. industries
35
Q

How can the 7 types of fecal-oral transmission be controlled?

A
  1. FLUID - boiling, fltration, chlorination, bottled water, avoid recreation in untreated water
  2. FINGER - hand washing
  3. FIELD - protective equipment during field work
  4. FOMITE - equipment and utensil hygiene
  5. FLIES - eliminate arthropods
  6. FLOOD - improve/repair drainage systems
  7. FOOD - cook, chill, wash, avoids cross-contamination, safe ingredients
36
Q

How can fecal-oral transmission be controlled at the animal, feces, and human level?

A

ANIMAL = proper use of vaccines, drugs, and pesticides

FECES = manure treatment and toilet usage

HUMAN = drugs and vaccines

37
Q

What are the 5 methods of thermal waste treatment?

A
  1. burning (incineration)
  2. boiling
  3. autoclave
  4. UV
  5. microwave
38
Q

What are the 3 methods of chemical waste treatment?

A
  1. OXIDATION by treating with radicals, like hydroxyl, ozone, and chlorine
  2. HYDROLYSIS using sulfuric acids followed by NEUTRALIZATION by alkaline (NaOH, Ca(OH)2)
  3. detergent and disinfectants
39
Q

What are the 5 methods of physical waste treatment?

A
  1. screening (separating by size)
  2. drying (dehydration)
  3. evaporation
  4. sedimentation
  5. membrane filtration
40
Q

What are the 4 methods of biological waste treatment?

A
  1. composting/decomposting
  2. anaerobic decomposition
  3. aerobic decomposition
  4. enzyme treatment
41
Q

What are the 7 sludge treatment methods used to treat feces? Which 3 are the most common?

A
  1. sludge thickening*
  2. digestion (anaerobic/aerobic)*
  3. dehydration*
  4. drying
  5. incineration
  6. solidification
  7. comprehensive utilization
42
Q

After treating sludges, what are the 5 methods of disposal of treated waste?

A
  1. land farming (fertilizer)
  2. landfill
  3. deep well ingestion
  4. ocean dumping
  5. rendering
43
Q

How are treated sludges rendered?

A

byproducts of the animal that are not edible (bones, fats, horns, hooves) and recycled (rendered) into pet food, oil, fertilizer, and biofuels

Public Health and Food Safety (23 decks)

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