One Health Flashcards
What quadripartite programs take part in one health?
- FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
- WOAH - World Organization for Animal Health
- WHO - World Health Organization
- UNEP - United Nations Environment Program
What is one health? What does it recognize?
integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems
health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, ad the wider environment are closely linked and inter-dependent
How did Hippocrates contribute to one health?
wrote “Airs, Waters, and Places,” which was the first documented attempt to establish a causal relationship between human diseases and the environment, indicating the human health is affected by the environment they live in
What Chinese dynasty had a significant impact on one health? How?
Zhou (11-13th century)
veterinary medicine was always its own distinct discipline, and the Zhou Dynasty integrated public health to include doctors and veterinarians
Who founded the first veterinary college? Why is this significant?
Claude Bourgelat co-founded the first college in Lyon, France
up until now, animal health was left to stable hands and he recommended human clinical training for veterinary students
Who was Rudolf Virchow?
pathologist in the “golden age of microbiology” that linked human medicine and veterinary medicine by using comparative medicine
- diseases in humans and animals tend to have similar pathogenesis and affect tissues the same way
Who was Calvin Schwabe?
first one who coined “One Medicine” and stated that the practice of veterinary medicine is directly related to man’s well-being
When was the term “one health” first used? At this point, what organizations took part?
2004 “Building Interdisciplinary Bridges” conference for the Wildlife Conservation Society on Ebola, Avian Influenza, and Chronic Wasting Disease affecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife
FAO-OIE-WHO - shares responsibilities and coordination of global activities to address health risks at the animal-human-ecosystem interface (less structure than current definition)
What is the world’s largest research and innovation program?
European Union’s Horizon 2020, which has a One Health European Joint Program with 37 partners (including Norweigan Institute of Public Health)
What are the 4 major drivers/challenges to one health?
- diseases originate in wildlife and transmit among animals and humans
- pressures we exert on wildlife habitats exacerbate this risk and jeopardizes the diversity of life in our ecosystems, which compromises the discovery of new medicines and makes up depend on increasingly ineffective medicines
- AMR is driven by overuse among humans, livestock, and plants (we struggle to feed the increasingly hungry and food-insecure world)
- pandemics, AMR, food insecurities, loss of biodiversity, and climate change are unprecedentedly complex, interlinked, and rapidly escalating global health and sustainability challenges
Why is it required to have a diverse workforce behind one health?
issues surpass the scientific expertise of a single discipline and exceeds the mandate of any one sector or governmental ministry - it threatens everyone
What are the 3 major one health components? What challenges each?
- climate change and humans impact the health of the ecosystem - pollution, toxins, pesticides, sewage, fishing, hunting, conversion of land, deforestation, habitat loss
- sustainable food production ensures foo security and safety - zoonoses, food-borne disease, contaminated water, AMR, food insecurity, hunger, food waste
- globalization and urbanization is a socioecological reality - pollution, lack of clean water, poor hygiene, spread of emerging disease, injuries, violence, accidents, war
How does the animal and food sectors contribute to one health?
uses one heal approach to develop sustainable food systems without compromising animal health, animal welfare, or the environment
How has optimizing land use to control pathogen transmission been done?
- Jura mountain region was converted into permanent grassland by destroying hedges to increase milk production
- this changes the regional ecosystem, allowing small mammal pest invasion, which caused negative effects on agriculture, conservation, and public health due to the increase in rodent-borne zoonoses and Echinococcus multilocularis infection
- steps to restore the ecosystem by replacing hedges has decreased these negative impacts
What infectious diseases are of the most prominent importance in accordance with one health?
ZOONOSES
- WNV
- Ebola virus
- Avian Influenza
- Chronic Wasting Disease
- Schistosomiasis (snail-borne epidemic in tropical/subtropical countries)
