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Public Health and Food Safety > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 basic physiological needs of humans for a healthy life? When do human health issues occur?

A
  1. fresh air
  2. safe food
  3. safe water
  4. safe occupation
  5. clean environment (without pests and waste)

exposure to unsafe factors - polluted air, food, water and soil, chemical hazards, dangerous radiation, climate change

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2
Q

What are the 3 specialized body systems that import basic human needs from the environment to satify the inner body needs?

A
  1. LUNGS - air (gaseous)
  2. GIT - water (liquid), food (solid)
  3. SKIN - everything (pests, waste, liquids, solid, air)

(communicate with the external environment - gases, liquids, solids)

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3
Q

How do the 5 major disease agents enter and exit the body?

A
  1. AIRBORNE - enters through lung and skin from the air
  2. VECTORS - skin
  3. FOODBORNE - fecal-oral (GIT), skin
  4. SOILBORNE - fecal-oral (GIT), skin
  5. WATERBORNE - fecal-oral (GIT), skin
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4
Q

How do diseases typically affect humans?

A

PUBLIC health - not an individual; can spread

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5
Q

What are 3 important aspects of public health?

A
  1. health of the human population, not the individual person
  2. human interaction with the environment in the ecosystem (air, food, soil, water pollution, transportation, urbanization, industrialization, deforestation, climate change, agriculture)
  3. consequences of these interactions on human health
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6
Q

What is the difference between clinical and public health?

A

CH = healthcare issues from the perspective of sick individuals - going to the doctors for one-on-one diagnosis or treatment (mission is to cure sick person)

PH = public health from the perspective of populations - treating the entire population with mass vaccinations, clean water, improved sanitation, improved hygiene and nutrition (mission is to prevent people from agents that cause sickness)

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7
Q

What is public health?

A

the sum of all knowledge to serve, promote, protect, prevent, an ensure the health of the human population

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8
Q

What are the 3 core missions/functions of public health?

A
  1. assessment of the problem
  2. develop solutions (policies)
  3. assure access to the solution for all

mission = fulfill the interest of society in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy

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9
Q

What 2 services make up the first core function of public health?

A

ASSESSMENT/SURVEILLANCE - identify the problem

  1. nonstop patrolling/monitoring to identify unusual societal health problems
  2. investigate the risk factors, prioritize, and diagnose the health problems of the population
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10
Q

What 3 services make up the second core function of public health?

A

DEVELOP SOLUTION/POLICY - stakeholder involvement

  1. inform and educate people about the problem
  2. mobilize community partnership to create solutions for the health problem
  3. develop and implement solutions, policies, plans, and laws that solve the problem
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11
Q

What 5 services make up the third core function of public health?

A

ASSURANCE - collective action to control and eliminate the problem sustainably

  1. enforce developed legal/regulatory actions to be respected by everybody
  2. assure access for everybody to individual services and care
  3. assure a diverse and skilled public health workforce
  4. evaluation if the implemented solution/service has solved the health problem
  5. build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for the public
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12
Q

How are health problems prioritized?

A

3 P’s

Place
Period
Population

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13
Q

What is the point of conducting surveillance in public health? How are the 5 common types of diseases surveiled?

A

identify any unusual public health problem and risk factors

  1. AIRBORNE - monitor air quality
  2. FOODBORNE - monitor food safety
  3. WATERBORNE - monitor water quality
  4. VECTORBORNE - mosquito and tick surveillance
  5. HYGIENE - monitor waste disposal
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14
Q

Surveillance and pollution of what 4 things are public health concerns in the world?

A
  1. air
  2. food
  3. water
  4. pests
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15
Q

What 5 industries create the most chemical waste?

A
  1. antimicrobials
  2. heavy metals
  3. pesticides
  4. radiological hazards (atomic energy)
  5. detergents/sanitizers
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16
Q

Many surveillance programs showed that public health problems exist in populations and…..

A

spread to others

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17
Q

How should global public health problems be prioritized?

A

morbidity and mortality rates and economic impact

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18
Q

What are the top 3 health problems that have been prioritized?

A
  1. lack of fresh air - airborne infectious disease, air pollution by particles from human activities
  2. lack of safe food and water - foodborne disease, lack of water supply, waterborne disease, diarrhea
  3. lack of clean environment - lack of sanitation (toilets), waste accumulation, diarrhea, vector-borne disease
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19
Q

Why has it been established that basic human needs are not being met/achieved globally?

A

people are dying from preventable diseases

out of 56 million annual deaths, about 12.6 million deaths per year (1 out of 4) are attributable to unhealthy environment

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20
Q

What are the 5 types of contaminants or hazards?

A
  1. biological - viruses, bacteria, parasites, insects, other organisms or microorganisms
  2. physical - plastic, steel wool, glass, metal, flood, fire, accidents, other foreign objects
  3. chemical - pesticides, herbicides, rodenticides, arsenic, mercury, other toxins
  4. allergen
  5. radioactive - nuclear leakage, X-ray machines
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21
Q

About 886 pathogens are zoonotic, which include what 7 species?

A
  1. viruses
  2. bacteria
  3. fungi
  4. protozoa
  5. trematodes
  6. cestodes
  7. nematodes
22
Q

What is causality?

A

diagnosing the cause of public health problems

23
Q

What is important to note about a single pathogen?

A

a single pathogen can have many properties and transmission pathways

24
Q

How do spore-forming bacteria cause disease?

A

deadly exotoxins

25
Q

What 5 important pathogens are bioterrorism agents?

A

VIRUSES - Filovirus (Marburg, Ebola)
SPORE-FORMING BACTERIA - Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus anthracis
VECTOR-BORNE - Yersinia pestis, Tularemia

26
Q

What are some common chemical hazards and contaminants that affect public health?

A
  • pesticides
  • veterinary drugs
  • disinfectants
  • detergents
  • heavy metals
  • aflatoxins
  • natural toxins
  • dioxins
  • feed additives
  • radiation
27
Q

What are the 9 known allergens? What are their origins?

A

PLANT ORIGIN
1. wheat
2. soybeans
3. sesame
4. peanuts
5. tree nute

ANIMAL ORIGIN
6. milk
7. eggs
8. fish
9. shellfish

28
Q

What are some physical hazards?

A
  • disasters (war, flood, earthquakes, storms, fire)
  • particles in the air/food
  • hair
  • staple wire
  • dust
  • metal
  • nails, pins
  • earrings
  • hair clips
  • plastics
  • glass fragments
  • insects
  • stones
  • cold, frostbite
  • machines
  • noise
  • confined space
29
Q

How do we develop solutions for public health?

A

create, champion, and implement technologies, policies, plans, and laws that improve public health

30
Q

In what 2 ways can we control biological hazards? What does this do?

A
  1. pharmaceutical
  2. non-pharmaceutical - washing (hygiene), test/inspect items for pathogen concentrations to reject if unsafe

reduce, kill, and eliminate pathogens from equipment, water, air, humans, terrestrial/aquatic pests, animals, and the ecosystem to prevent their spread to the public

31
Q

What are some pharmaceutical methods of controlling biological hazards?

A
  • antifungals
  • antimicrobials
  • antiseptics
  • disinfectants
  • antivirals
  • anthelmintics
  • pesticides
  • immunization
  • immunotherapy
  • monoclonal antibody therapy
  • phage therapy
32
Q

What are some non-pharmaceutical methods of controlling biological hazards?

A
  • hygiene (food, environment, washing, sanitation)
  • kill infected animals (stamping out, test and slaughter)
  • antemortem and postmortem inspection to remove defects
  • isolation of infected individuals (quarantine, social distancing)
  • disease zonation (no travel zone, lockdown, travel restriction)
  • PPE (gloves, mask, respirators, gowns)
  • screening, filtration, or reverse osmosis of liquids
  • sterilization (heat, chemicals, irradiation, filtration)
  • disinfection (reduce pathogens)
  • vector control by destroying their breeding site
  • destroying terrestrial or aquatic habitats for free-living helminth larvae
33
Q

How can biological hazards in animals, humans, and workers in the food supply chain be controlled?

A

WORKERS: personal hygiene when handling food, exclude infected or carrier status individuals from handling food

HUMAN, ANIMALS: vaccination, deworming, chemoprophylaxis, chemotherapy

34
Q

How can pest and waste contamination be avoided? How can we ensure only pure water is being used at all stages of the food chain?

A

avoid or control access of birds, rodents, and insects to the food

use and consume only potable water in food production

35
Q

What are the 5 keys to good food hygiene practice?

A
  1. clean, washing
  2. cook
  3. chill
  4. use safe food ingredients and water
  5. separate raw food from cooked food (avoid cross-contamination)
36
Q

In what 5 ways can chemical hazards be controlled?

A
  1. washing
  2. PPE (respirators, etc.)
  3. ultra or nano-filtration and reverse osmosis
  4. magnets to remove heavy metals
  5. test items for chemical concentrations and rejecting the unfit ones
37
Q

What solutions have been used to control chemical hazards?

A
  • wash hands thoroughly after working with chemicals
  • wash foods in cold running water
  • monitor pest control operator and make sure chemicals do not contaminate food
  • teach employees how to properly use chemicals
  • store chemicals in original containers to prevent accidental misuse and leakage into food
  • make sure labels are clearly identifying chemical contents of container
  • always use chemicals according to their recommendation
  • always test sanitizing solutions
38
Q

How are air, water, liquids, food, and waste filtered?

A

using different pore-sized semi-permeable membrane filtration methods to remove pathogens, pesticides, other chemicals, and particles/dust contaminants

39
Q

How are tests used to measure the concentration in products used for the safety of the public?

A
  • test concentration of pesticides, drugs, and other residues in foods or animals to reject foods or animals with above maximum residue level —> if at a certain level, NOT ALLOWED to enter the supply chain
  • products from animals on treatment who have not completed the drug withdrawal period —> NOT ALLOWED to enter the supply chain
40
Q

In what 4 ways are physical hazards typically controlled?

A
  1. sieving/screening using mesh of various pore sizes
  2. magnetic separator rods and plates
  3. PPE (hair restraint)
  4. personal hygiene (clean up belongings, like rings)
  5. avoid wearing jewelry when preparing, cooking, and holding foods
41
Q

How are magnet plates and rods used to control/prevent physical contaminants?

A

PLATES remove large pieces of metal, such as nuts, bolts, and staples from dry products

RODS remove small, fine, or large metal fragments from water, food, and wastes

42
Q

What technology controls all biological, chemical, and physical hazards simultaneously?

A

membrane filtration technology uses different pore sized membrane to remove particles/dusts, pathogens, drugs, pesticides, heavy metals, and other contaminants from air, water, liquids, food, and waste

43
Q

What are the 5 types of membrane filters used?

A
  1. CLARIFICATION = 10-100 µm = sand, pollen, hair, sand, coal
  2. MICROFILTRATION = 100-10000 nm = bacteria, fungi, protozoa, dust, asbestos
  3. ULTRAFILTRATION = 2-100 nm = virus, toxins
  4. NANOFILTRATION = 1-2 nm = pesticides, drugs, heavy metals, divalent salts
  5. REVERSE OSMOSIS = 0.1-1 nm = water from monovalent salts
44
Q

What communication activities can help educate people about health, factors that influence it, and how to improve it?

A
  • public health education through social media, media, presentations, workshops, internet, displays, etc. (rabies reduction (world rabies day = September 28th), food hygiene, personal hygiene, manure waste management, clean water and clean air, manipulation of risk factors)
  • mobilize stakeholders to reduce public health problems (life scientists, social sciences, researchers, ecologists, laboratories, industries, policy makers, media, donors)
45
Q

What is the aim of the third public health core function?

A

(assure the policies to benefit all humankind)

act collectively to protect everybody and control/eliminate the problem sustainably

46
Q

How can laws, policies, and regulatory actions be respected using the Clean Meat Act?

A

FARM INSPECTION - inspect animals on the farm and only let those with a health certificate and ID be transported to the abattoir

ABATTOIR INSPECTION - inspect animals that arrive and carcasses/meat to ensure only antemortem inspected and healthy animals are coming in and postmortem inspected and meat free from lesions and hazards enter the market

WAREHOUSE, FOOD PROCESSING FACILITIES, RETAIL, GROCERY - inspect the building, equipment, water, air, and each worker to ensure food not processed under hygienic conditions cannot be taken to the market

47
Q

What are 3 examples of ensuring access for everybody to individual services and care?

A
  1. assure access to rabies vaccination to all veterinarians
  2. assure everybody working in the industry has access to health check-ups
  3. assure everybody working in the industry has access to PPE
48
Q

How can it be ensured that the workforce is diverse and skilled?

A
  • assure food service workers have the required skills (degree/certificate/course/training)
  • assure workers are adequately trained about the machine they handle and operate (degree/certificate)
  • assure sanitary workers are trained about chemical hazards and waste disposal (certificate)
  • licensing and monitoring the quality of healthcare services (laboratory technicians, nurses)
49
Q

In what 3 ways can solutions/services be evaluated to see if they are effective?

A
  1. perform evaluations concerning the strength and weakness
  2. track responses to complaints
  3. public need assessments
50
Q

toxIn what 5 ways can strong organizational infrastructure for public health be built and maintained?

A
  1. infrastructure, equipment, facilities
  2. skilled HR
  3. establish diagnostic laboratories
  4. establish vaccine manufacturing plants
  5. establish technical training centers

Public Health and Food Safety (23 decks)

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