Zoonoses of Carnivores Flashcards

1
Q

How are Toxoplasma oocysts excreted from cats?

A

Immature

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2
Q

How long do Toxoplasma oocysts take to sprulate in the soil?

A

1-5 days

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3
Q

How are humans exposed to oocysts? (3 ways)

A

Contaminated soil or water
Produce
Ingestion of tissue bradyzoites in undercooked meat

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4
Q

How can Toxoplasma bradyzoites in meat be rendered noninfectious? (2 ways)

A

Freezing for >7 days

Cooking

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5
Q

How does Toxoplasmosis present in people?

A

Asymptomatic in immunocompetent people

Sever problems in people with AIDS or people who are pregnant.

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6
Q

How can Toxoplasma risk be minimized?

A

Reduce human exposure, no good control program for cats

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7
Q

What are larval migrans?

A

Larva migrating in the paratenic hosts

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8
Q

What is human toxacariasis considdered?

A

A “neglected” tropical disease

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9
Q

What age group is at risk for toxocariasis?

A

Children between 1-4yoa (pica and geophagia)

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10
Q

What is the most common form of toxocariasis?

A

Visceral larval migrans

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11
Q

How can you prevent toxocarasiasis?

A

Reduce reservoir via anthelmintic treatment of cats and dogs.

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12
Q

What percentage of soil samples from parks and sand pits may have Toxocara?

A

20-40%

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13
Q

What species can function as an alternate definitive host for Baylisascaris procyonis?

A

Dogs

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14
Q

What 3 cestodes use humans as a definitive host?

A
Beef and pork tapeworm (T. saginata and T. solium)
Fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium)
Dog tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)
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15
Q

How are humans infested with cestodes?

A

By eating intermediate host tissue (definitive host)

By ingesting larvated eggs (intermediate host)

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16
Q

What two cestodes are humans used as an intermediate host?

A

Echinococcosis (E. granulosus, E. multilocularis)

Cysticercosis (T. solium)

17
Q

What are symptoms of cestode infection?

A

Depends on organ/system affected

Anaphylactic symptoms follow cyst rupture

18
Q

What are 3 major points of E. granulosus infection?

A

Hydatid cyst disease
Liver
May develop in brain

19
Q

What are 2 major points of E. multilocularis?

A

Alveolar cyst disease

Often liver, secondarily into lungs

20
Q

What is the reservoir for all species of Echinococcus?

21
Q

What is the definitive host for E. granulosus?

A

Dogs and wolves

22
Q

What is the intermediate host for E. granulosus?

A

Sheep, moose

23
Q

Where does man fit in with E. granulosus life cycle?

A

Aberrant intermediate host, infected by ingestion of eggs

24
Q

T/F: Most of the USA is endemic for Echinococcosis.

A

False, most of USA is non-endemic.

25
What is used to treat dogs infested with E. granulosus?
Praziquantel
26
What are 3 ways that cystic echinococcosis is controlled?
Preventing infestation in dogs Condemnation/disposal of infected offal Preventing transmission to people (education and hygiene)
27
What is the natural cycle of alveolar echinococcosis?
Between foxes and rodents
28
What is the fatality rate for untreated alveolar echinococcosis?
50-75%
29
Where can alveolar echinococcus be found?
Throughout the northern hemisphere
30
What are 5 ways that alveolar echinococcus is controlled?
``` Anthelmintic treatment of dogs Reduce exposure of domestic pets to rodents Treatment of foxes (baiting) Education Stray dog control ```