Zoonoses of Carnivores

Question 1

How are Toxoplasma oocysts excreted from cats?

Answer 1

Immature

Question 2

How long do Toxoplasma oocysts take to sprulate in the soil?

Answer 2

1-5 days

Question 3

How are humans exposed to oocysts? (3 ways)

Answer 3

Contaminated soil or water
Produce
Ingestion of tissue bradyzoites in undercooked meat

Question 4

How can Toxoplasma bradyzoites in meat be rendered noninfectious? (2 ways)

Answer 4

Freezing for >7 days

Cooking

Question 5

How does Toxoplasmosis present in people?

Answer 5

Asymptomatic in immunocompetent people

Sever problems in people with AIDS or people who are pregnant.

Question 6

How can Toxoplasma risk be minimized?

Answer 6

Reduce human exposure, no good control program for cats

Question 7

What are larval migrans?

Answer 7

Larva migrating in the paratenic hosts

Question 8

What is human toxacariasis considdered?

Answer 8

A “neglected” tropical disease

Question 9

What age group is at risk for toxocariasis?

Answer 9

Children between 1-4yoa (pica and geophagia)

Question 10

What is the most common form of toxocariasis?

Answer 10

Visceral larval migrans

Question 11

How can you prevent toxocarasiasis?

Answer 11

Reduce reservoir via anthelmintic treatment of cats and dogs.

Question 12

What percentage of soil samples from parks and sand pits may have Toxocara?

Answer 12

20-40%

Question 13

What species can function as an alternate definitive host for Baylisascaris procyonis?

Answer 13

Dogs

Question 14

What 3 cestodes use humans as a definitive host?

Answer 14

Beef and pork tapeworm (T. saginata and T. solium)
Fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium)
Dog tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)

Question 15

How are humans infested with cestodes?

Answer 15

By eating intermediate host tissue (definitive host)

By ingesting larvated eggs (intermediate host)

Question 16

What two cestodes are humans used as an intermediate host?

Answer 16

Echinococcosis (E. granulosus, E. multilocularis)

Cysticercosis (T. solium)

Question 17

What are symptoms of cestode infection?

Answer 17

Depends on organ/system affected

Anaphylactic symptoms follow cyst rupture

Question 18

What are 3 major points of E. granulosus infection?

Answer 18

Hydatid cyst disease
Liver
May develop in brain

Question 19

What are 2 major points of E. multilocularis?

Answer 19

Alveolar cyst disease

Often liver, secondarily into lungs

Question 20

What is the reservoir for all species of Echinococcus?

Answer 20

Canids

Question 21

What is the definitive host for E. granulosus?

Answer 21

Dogs and wolves

Question 22

What is the intermediate host for E. granulosus?

Answer 22

Sheep, moose

Question 23

Where does man fit in with E. granulosus life cycle?

Answer 23

Aberrant intermediate host, infected by ingestion of eggs

Question 24

T/F: Most of the USA is endemic for Echinococcosis.

Answer 24

False, most of USA is non-endemic.

Question 25

What is used to treat dogs infested with E. granulosus?

Answer 25

Praziquantel

Question 26

What are 3 ways that cystic echinococcosis is controlled?

Answer 26

Preventing infestation in dogs
Condemnation/disposal of infected offal
Preventing transmission to people (education and hygiene)

Question 27

What is the natural cycle of alveolar echinococcosis?

Answer 27

Between foxes and rodents

Question 28

What is the fatality rate for untreated alveolar echinococcosis?

Answer 28

50-75%

Question 29

Where can alveolar echinococcus be found?

Answer 29

Throughout the northern hemisphere

Question 30

What are 5 ways that alveolar echinococcus is controlled?

Answer 30

Anthelmintic treatment of dogs
Reduce exposure of domestic pets to rodents
Treatment of foxes (baiting)
Education
Stray dog control